| 11. |
- Leffler, Hakon, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction to galectins.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Glycoconjugate Journal. - 1573-4986. ; 19:7-9, s. 433-440
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 12. |
- Roman, Elisabet, 1970-
(författare)
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Studies on the Role of UDP-Glucose Dehydrogenase in Polysaccharide Biosynthesis
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Polysaccharides are found in all forms of life and serve diverse purposes. They are enzymatically synthesised from activated monosaccharide precursors, nucleotide sugars. One such nucleotide sugar is UDP-glucuronic acid, which is formed from UDP-glucose by the UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UGDH) enzyme. UGDH has been proposed to have a regulatory role in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides. The aim of the studies presented in this thesis was to investigate the role of UGDH in the polysaccharide biosynthesis in three different systems: human cell culture, bacterial cultures and growing plants. The effects of UGDH-overexpression on polysaccharide biosyntheses and, when achievable, on UDP-sugar levels, were investigated.A mammalian UGDH was cloned from a kidney cDNA library. Transient expression of the cloned enzyme in mammalian cells led to an increased UGDH-activity. Northern blotting analyses revealed a single transcript of 2.6 kb in adult mouse tissues whereas human tissues expressed a predominant transcript of 3.2 kb and a minor transcript of 2.6 kb.Overexpression of the bovine UGDH in mammalian cells induced increased synthesis of the glycosaminoglycans; heparan sulphate, chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronan, without changing their relative proportions. The effects on glycosaminoglycan synthesis caused by an increased demand of UDP-glucuronic acid were studied by overexpression of hyaluronan synthase (Has3), which requires UDP-glucuronic acid as substrate. Overexpression of Has3 and coexpression of Has3 and UGDH resulted in highly augmented production of hyaluronan without noticeably affecting heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate synthesis.Expression of the bacterial UGDH in E. coli resulted in increased formation of UDP-glucuronic acid, but, unexpectedly, also to synthesis of fewer K5 polysaccharide chains. Overexpression of UGD1, one of four A. thaliana UGDH genes, in A. thaliana, resulted in dwarfism. Analysis of the cell wall polysaccharides showed alteration in saccharide composition. Paradoxically, the UDP-sugars derived from UDP-glucuronic acid decreased in amount.
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| 13. |
- Sjöberg, Klas, et al.
(författare)
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Factor XIII and tissue transglutaminase antibodies in coeliac and inflammatory bowel disease.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Autoimmunity. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0891-6934 .- 1607-842X. ; 35:5, s. 357-364
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- issue transglutaminase (tTg) has been identified as an autoantigen in coeliac disease (CD). There is a marked homology between different forms of transglutaminase, such as tTg and coagulation factor XIII. We compared titres of both IgA- and IgG-antibodies against these two antigens in 20 CD patients, 20 endomysial antibody (EMA)-negative controls and a group with inflammatory bowel disease (34 with Crohn's disease and 23 with ulcerative colitis). IgA-antibodies against tTg correlated with EMA titres and had high sensitivity and specificity in screening for CD. Only in two CD patients were high titres found of IgA-antibodies against factor XIII, non-reactive with tTg. Both lacked bleeding tendency. The presence of IgG-antibodies against tTg, in contrast, had low sensitivity and specificity in screening for CD and were frequently seen in inflammatory bowel disease. Similarly, factor XIII IgG-antibodies displayed a non-specific pattern with modestly elevated titres in patients with Crohn's disease and in both EMA-negative and positive patients. Despite a marked homology with tTg, the occurrence of high titre IgA-antibodies against factor XIII is infrequent in CD, but may--when present--be the result of epitope spreading. The presence of IgG-antibodies in CD and inflammatory bowel disease illustrates the complexity of autoantibody reactions in gastrointestinal disease.
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| 14. |
- Sörme, Pernilla, et al.
(författare)
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Design and Synthesis of Galectin Inhibitors
- 2003
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Ingår i: Recognition of Carbohydrates in Biological Systems, Part B: Specific Applications (Methods in Enzymology; 263). - 0121822664 ; 363, s. 157-169
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Galectins, a lectin family, have shown binding affinities towards b-galactosides. Galectins have been proposed to be involved in a wide range of functions like for example, cell growth, adhesion, migration, chemo taxis and apoptosis. They have also been associated with various cancer types. However, the detailed functions of galectins are still very much unknown. High affinity inhibitors towards the galectins would thus be of value as research tools, as well as possible future pharmaceutical agents. Existing inhibitors have undesirable properties, for example high molecular weight and instability. This thesis concerns the synthesis of small high affinity galectin inhibitors. A previously published X-ray structure of galectin-3 together with LacNAc revealed an extended binding pocket close to 3´-C of the galactoside residue. Filling this pocket with additional chemical entities was hypothesized to allow for further interactions and hence creating higher affinity ligands as compared to the naturally occurring ligand. The hypothesis was probed by substituting the 3´-hydroxyl group on the galactose unit of LacNAc with an amine, which enables the introduction of functional groups under mild reaction conditions. We synthesised a collection of more than 60 LacNAc derivatives with various functional groups at 3´-C of the galactose unit. The measurements of inhibitor potencies towards galectins were made in a novel fluorescence polarisation (FP) assay, which is a solution phase method, as well as a general technique that do not need major re-optimisation to enable the study of other galectins. Hence, it enabled us to study the panel of synthetic inhibitors towards galectin-1, -3 and –4. Selective and high affinity inhibitors were discovered, which is of value as often more than one galectin is present in one and the same system. We found that aromatic amides in particular showed high affinity towards galectin-3. In addition, the X-ray structure of one of the best inhibitors (Kd 0.9 mM) revealed that Arg-144 on galectin-3 had moved 3.5 Å to enable a face-to-face stacking interaction with a 4-methoxy-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzamido substituent. The best inhibitor synthesised as of yet, carried a 2-naphthamido functionality at 3´of the galactose residue. This inhibitor had a Kd of 0.3 mM, which the strongest binding affinity achieved as compared to any monovalent inhibitor. It shows over 200 times higher affinity towards galectin-3 than the unfunctionalised LacNAc.
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| 15. |
- Sörme, Pernilla, et al.
(författare)
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Fluorescence polarization as an analytical tool to evaluate galectin-ligand interactions.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Analytical Biochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 1096-0309 .- 0003-2697. ; 334:1, s. 36-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Galectins are a family of β-galactose binding lectins associated with functions such as immunological and malignant events. To study the binding affinity of galectins for natural and artificial saccharides and glycoconjugates we have developed an assay using fluorescence polarization. A collection of fluorescein-conjugated saccharides was synthesized and used as probes with galectins-1 and -3 and the two carbohydrate recognition domains of galectin-4. Direct binding of a fixed probe amount with different amounts of each galectin defined specificity and selectivity and permitted selection of the optimal probe for inhibition studies. Then fixed amounts of galectin and selected probe were used to screen the inhibitory potency of a library of nonfluorescent compounds. As the assay is in solution and does not require separation of free and bound probe, it is simple and rapid and can easily be applied to different unlabeled galectins. As all interaction components are known, Kd values for galectin–inhibitor interaction can be directly calculated without approximation other than the assumption of a simple one-site competition.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Sörme, Pernilla, et al.
(författare)
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Low micromolar inhibitors of galectin-3 based on 3'-derivatization of N-acetyllactosamine.
- 2002
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Ingår i: ChemBioChem. - 1439-4227. ; 3:2-3, s. 183-189
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A strategy for generating potential galectin inhibitors was devised based on derivatization at the C-3′ atom in 3′-amino-N-acetyllactosamine by using structural knowledge of the galectin carbohydrate recognition site. A collection of 12 compounds was prepared by N-acylations or N-sulfonylations. Hydrophobic tagging of the O-3 atom in the N-acetylglucosamine residue with a stearic ester allowed rapid and simple product purification. The compounds were screened in a galectin-3 binding assay and three compounds with significantly higher inhibitory activities compared to the parent N-acetyllactosaminide were found. These three best inhibitors all carried an aromatic amide at the C-3′ position of the galactose moiety, which indicates that favorable interactions were formed between the aromatic group and galectin-3. The best inhibitor had an IC50 value (4.4 μM) about 50 times better than the parent N-acetyllactosaminide, which implies that it has potential as a valuable tool for studying galectin-3 biological functions and also as a lead compound for the development of galectin-3-blocking pharmaceuticals.
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| 18. |
- Tafazoli, Farideh, 1955-
(författare)
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Perturbation of the epithelial barrier by enteric pathogens
- 2001
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Gastrointestinal infections in humans have been associated with a number of diseased condition, including stomach ulcers, gastroenteritis, Crohn's disease, and rheumatic arthritis. Such infections often cause altered intestinal permeability through perturbation of the tight junctions that hold epithelial cells together. The objective of the present studies was to detennine whether the enteric pathogens Salmonella, Yersinia, and Rotavirus can disrupt the integrity of the epithelial barrier, and, if so, how this is achieved. Another aim was to elucidate regulation of the epithelial batrier in relation to the structure of the cytoskeleton.To accomplish these goals, we assessed the mechanism of enhanced cytotoxicity of Yersinia YopE and the response to this protein by its target in the epithelial bartier, both of which require contact between the bacteria and the eukaryotic cells. YopK appeared to control Yop effector delivery by regulating the size of the translocation pore, and enhanced translocation was accompanied by decreased transepithelial resistance and disruption of barrier function. We also examined the interaction of Yersinia with polarized MDCK cells to detemrine the target of these bacteria. We found that wild-type Yersinia adhered apically to the tight junction areas, and, in adjacent cells, these contact points displayed ß1 integrins and tight junction proteins that allowed localized invasin-mediated binding and translocation of cytotoxins. Studying signal transduction pathways involved in the disruption of barrier function by Salmonella typhimurium, we found that infection with the wild-type strain increased the level of activated. Rac1 and Cdc42 small G-proteins and caused them to accumulate apically in MDCK cells, and this was prevented by appropriate inhibitors. Activation of these proteins was a prerequisite of disruption of barrier integrity by S. typhimurium. We also considered specific effects of the rota virus non-structural protein NSP4 on the function of tight junctions. NSP4 has been desctibed as the first viral enterotoxin, and we found that incubation of noncontluent MDCK-1 cells with NSP4 prevented development of the permeability barrier, as well as lateral targeting of the tight junction-associated zonula occludence-1 protein.In conclusion, our results provide strong evidence that the studied pathogens perturb the epithelial barrier by binding to specific cell receptors to deliver cytotoxins (Yesinia); by interfering with cell signaling pathways (Salmonella); and by impairing normal formation of tight junctions (NSP4).
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| 19. |
- Thomsson, Kristina A, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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The salivary mucin MG1 (MUC5B) carries a repertoire of unique oligosaccharides that is large and diverse.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Glycobiology. - 0959-6658 .- 1460-2423. ; 12:1, s. 1-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The high-molecular-mass salivary mucin MG1, one of two major mucins produced by human salivary glands, plays an important role in oral health by coating the tooth surface and by acting as a bacterial receptor. Here this mucin was purified from the submandibular/sublingual saliva of a blood group O individual. The presence of MUC5B as the major mucin in this preparation was confirmed by amino acid analysis and its reactivity with the monoclonal antibody PAN H2. To structurally characterize MG1 carbohydrates the O-glycans were released by reductive beta-elimination. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the nonfractionated mixture showed that (1) fucose was present in blood group H, Le(a), Le(x), Le(b), and Le(y) epitopes; (2) NeuAc was mainly linked alpha 2-3 to Gal or alpha 2-6 to GalNAcol; and (3) the major internal structures were core 1 and core 2 sequences. After this preliminary analysis the released oligosaccharides were separated into neutral (56%), sialylated (26%), and sulfated (19%) fractions, with an average length of 13, 17, and 41 sugar residues, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of mixtures of neutral and sialylated oligosaccharides revealed at least 62 neutral and 25 sialylated oligosaccharides consisting of up to 20 monosaccharide residues. These results showed that the MG1-derived oligosaccharides were much longer than those of MG2, and only a few species were found on both molecules. Thus, these two mucins create an enormous repertoire of potential binding sites for microorganisms at one of the major portals where infectious organisms enter the body.
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| 20. |
- Umemoto, K, et al.
(författare)
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Conformational differences in liganded and unliganded states of Galectin-3
- 2003
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Ingår i: Biochemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0006-2960 .- 1520-4995. ; 42:13, s. 3688-3695
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The conformation of the carbohydrate recognition domain of Galectin-3, a lectin known to bind galactose containing oligosaccharides in mammalian systems, has been investigated in the absence of ligand and in the presence of N-acetylactosamine. A new methodology based on the measurement of residual dipolar couplings from NMR spectra has been used to characterize differences in protein structure along the backbone in the presence and absence of ligand, as well as the binding geometry of the ligand itself. The data on the ligand are consistent with the ligand binding geometry found in a crystal structure of the complexed state. However, a significant rearrangement of backbone loops near the binding site appears to occur in the absence of ligand. The implications for ligand specificity and protein functionality are discussed.
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