| 11. |
- Fondell, Mattis, 1984-, et al.
(author)
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Surface modification of iron oxides by ion bombardment – comparing depth profiling by HAXPES and Ar ion sputtering
- 2018
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In: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena. - : Elsevier. - 0368-2048 .- 1873-2526. ; 224, s. 23-26
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Iron oxide in the form of maghemite γ-Fe2O3 and hematite α-Fe2O3 has been studied with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is found that even low energy sputtering induces a reduction of the surface layer into FeO. Satellites in the Fe 2p core level spectra are used to determine the oxidation state of iron. Depth profiling with changing photon energy shows that the unsputtered films are homogeneous and that the information obtained from sputtering thus, in this instance, represents sputter damages to the sample.
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| 12. |
- Giangrisostomi, Erika, et al.
(author)
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Low Dose Photoelectron Spectroscopy at BESSY II : Electronic structure of matter in its native state
- 2018
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In: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena. - : Elsevier. - 0368-2048 .- 1873-2526. ; 224:SI, s. 68-78
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The implementation of a high-transmission, angular-resolved time-of-Right electron spectrometer with a 1.25 MHz pulse selector at the PM4 soft X-ray dipole beamline of the synchrotron BESSY II creates unique capabilities to inquire electronic structure via photoelectron spectroscopy with a minimum of radiation dose. Solid-state samples can be prepared and characterized with standard UHV techniques and rapidly transferred from various preparation chambers to a 4-axis temperature-controlled measurement stage. A synchronized MHz laser system enables excited-state characterization and dynamical studies starting from the picosecond timescale. This article introduces the principal characteristics of the PM4 beamline and LowDosePES end-station. Recent results from graphene, an organic hole transport material for solar cells and the transition metal dichalcogenide MoS2 are presented to demonstrate the instrument performances. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
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| 13. |
- Hasselqvist-Ax, Ingela, et al.
(author)
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Dispatch of Firefighters and Police Officers in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest : A Nationwide Prospective Cohort Trial Using Propensity Score Analysis.
- 2017
-
In: Journal of the American Heart Association. - 2047-9980. ; 6:10
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Dispatch of basic life support-trained first responders equipped with automated external defibrillators in addition to advanced life support-trained emergency medical services personnel in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has, in some minor cohort studies, been associated with improved survival. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between basic life support plus advanced life support response and survival in OHCA at a national level.METHODS AND RESULTS: This prospective cohort study was conducted from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2014. People who experienced OHCA in 9 Swedish counties covered by basic life support plus advanced life support response were compared with a propensity-matched contemporary control group of people who experienced OHCA in 12 counties where only emergency medical services was dispatched, providing advanced life support. Primary outcome was survival to 30 days. The analytic sample consisted of 2786 pairs (n=5572) derived from the total cohort of 7308 complete cases. The median time from emergency call to arrival of emergency medical services or first responder was 9 minutes in the intervention group versus 10 minutes in the controls (P<0.001). The proportion of patients admitted alive to the hospital after resuscitation was 31.4% (875/2786) in the intervention group versus 24.9% (694/2786) in the controls (conditional odds ratio, 1.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.24-1.57). Thirty-day survival was 9.5% (266/2786) in the intervention group versus 7.7% (214/2786) in the controls (conditional odds ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.54).CONCLUSIONS: In this nationwide interventional trial, using propensity score matching, dispatch of first responders in addition to emergency medical services in OHCA was associated with a moderate, but significant, increase in 30-day survival.CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02184468.
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| 14. |
- Isaeva, Leyla, et al.
(author)
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Amorphous W-S-N thin films: the atomic structure behind ultra-low friction
- 2015
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In: Acta Materialia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1359-6454 .- 1873-2453. ; 82, s. 84-93
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Amorphous W–S–N in the form of thin films has been identified experimentally as an ultra-low friction material, enabling easy sliding by the formation of a WS2 tribofilm. However, the atomic-level structure and bonding arrangements in amorphous W–S–N, which give such optimum conditions for WS2 formation and ultra-low friction, are not known. In this study, amorphous thin films with up to 37 at.% N are deposited, and experimental as well as state-of-the-art ab initio techniques are employed to reveal the complex structure of W–S–N at the atomic level. Excellent agreement between experimental and calculated coordination numbers and bond distances is demonstrated. Furthermore, the simulated structures are found to contain N bonded in molecular form, i.e. N2, which is experimentally confirmed by near edge X-ray absorption fine structure and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. Such N2 units are located in cages in the material, where they are coordinated mainly by S atoms. Thus this ultra-low friction material is shown to be a complex amorphous network of W, S and N atoms, with easy access to W and S for continuous formation of WS2 in the contact region, and with the possibility of swift removal of excess nitrogen present as N2 molecules.
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| 15. |
- Johansson, Fredrik, et al.
(author)
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Femtosecond and Attosecond Electron-Transfer Dynamics in PCPDTBT:PCBM Bulk Heterojunctions
- 2018
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In: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 122:24, s. 12605-12614
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Charge separation efficiency is a crucial parameter for photovoltaic devices-polymers consisting of alternating electron-rich and electron-deficient parts can achieve high such efficiencies, for instance, together with a fullerene electron acceptor. This offers a viable path toward solar cells with organic bulk heterojunctions. Here, we measured the charge-transfer times in the femtosecond and attosecond regimes via the decay of sulfur is X-ray core excited states (with the core-hole clock method) in blends of a low-band gap polymer {PCPDTBT [poly[2,6-(4,4-bis (2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta [2,1-b;3,4-1/1 dithiophene)-alt-4,7- (2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)]]} consisting of a cyclopentadithiophene electron-rich part and a benzothiadiazole electron-deficient part. The constituting parts of the bulk heterojunction were varied by adding the fullerene derivative PCBM ([6,6]-phenyl-C-61-butyric acid methyl ester) (weight ratio of polymer/PCBM as 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3). For low-energy excitations, the charge-transfer time varies to the largest extent for the thiophene donor part. The charge-transfer time in the 1:2 blend is reduced by 86% compared to that of pristine PCPDTBT. At higher energy excitations, the charge-transfer time does not vary with the chemical environment, as this regime is dominated by intramolecular conduction that yields ultrafast charge-transfer times for all blends, approaching 170 as. We thus demonstrate that the core-hole clock method applied to a series with changing composition can give information about local electron dynamics (with chemical specificity) at interfaces between the constituting parts the crucial part of a bulk heterojunction where the initial charge separation occurs.
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| 16. |
- Johansson, Fredrik, et al.
(author)
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Minimizing sputter-induced damage during deposition of WS2 onto graphene
- 2017
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In: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 110:9
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We demonstrate the sputter-deposition of WS2 onto a single-layer graphene film leaving the latter disorder-free. The sputtering process normally causes defects to the graphene lattice and adversely affects its properties. Sputtering of WS2 yields significant amounts of energetic particles, specifically negative S ions, and reflected neutral Ar, and it is therefore used as a model system in this work. The disorder-free sputtering is achieved by increasing the sputteringpressure of Ar thereby shifting the kinetic energy distribution towards lower energies for the impinging particle flux at the substrate. Raman spectroscopy is used to assess the amount of damage to the graphene film. Monte Carlo simulations of the sputteringprocess show that W is completely thermalized already at relatively low sputtering pressure, whereas Ar and S need a comparably higher pressure to thermalize so as to keep the graphene film intact. Apart from becoming completely amorphous at 2.3 mTorr, the graphene filmremains essentially disorder-free when the pressure is increased to 60 mTorr. The approach used here is generally applicable and readily extendable to sputter-deposition of other material combinations onto sensitive substrates. Moreover, it can be used without changing the geometry of an existing sputtering setup.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Li, Hu, 1986-, et al.
(author)
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Site-selective local fluorination of graphene induced by focused ion beam irradiation
- 2016
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In: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 6
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The functionalization of graphene remains an important challenge for numerous applications expected by this fascinating material. To keep advantageous properties of graphene after modification or functionalization of its structure, local approaches are a promising road. A novel technique is reported here that allows precise site-selective fluorination of graphene. The basic idea of this approach consists in the local radicalization of graphene by focused ion beam (FIB) irradiation and simultaneous introduction of XeF2 gas. A systematic series of experiments were carried out to outline the relation between inserted defect creation and the fluorination process. Based on a subsequent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, a 6-fold increase of the fluorine concentration on graphene under simultaneous irradiation was observed when compared to fluorination under normal conditions. The fluorine atoms are predominately localized at the defects as indicated from scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The experimental findings are confirmed by density functional theory which predicts a strong increase of the binding energy of fluorine atoms when bound to the defect sites. The developed technique allows for local fluorination of graphene without using resists and has potential to be a general enabler of site-selective functionalization of graphene using a wide range of gases.
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| 19. |
- Marks, Kess, et al.
(author)
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Investigation of the surface species during temperature dependent dehydrogenation of naphthalene on Ni(111)
- 2019
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In: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 150:24
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The temperature dependent dehydrogenation of naphthalene on Ni(111) has been investigated using vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and density functional theory with the aim of discerning the reaction mechanism and the intermediates on the surface. At 110 K, multiple layers of naphthalene adsorb on Ni(111); the first layer is a flat lying chemisorbed monolayer, whereas the next layer(s) consist of physisorbed naphthalene. The aromaticity of the carbon rings in the first layer is reduced due to bonding to the surface Ni-atoms. Heating at 200 K causes desorption of the multilayers. At 360 K, the chemisorbed naphthalene monolayer starts dehydrogenating and the geometry of the molecules changes as the dehydrogenated carbon atoms coordinate to the nickel surface; thus, the molecule tilts with respect to the surface, recovering some of its original aromaticity. This effect peaks at 400 K and coincides with hydrogen desorption. Increasing the temperature leads to further dehydrogenation and production of H-2 gas, as well as the formation of carbidic and graphitic surface carbon. Published under license by AIP Publishing.
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| 20. |
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