| 11. |
- Elbakidze, Marine, et al.
(författare)
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Towards Functional Green Infrastructure in the Baltic Sea Region : Knowledge Production and Learning Across Borders
- 2018
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Ingår i: Ecosystem Services from Forest Landscapes. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319745145 - 9783319745152 ; , s. 57-87
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Natural capital is the foundation for delivering multiple ecosystem services important for biodiversity and human wellbeing. Functional green infrastructure (GI) is one of the land management approaches to secure the sustainable use of natural capital. This chapter presents the outcomes of a integrative research for knowledge production and learning towards functional GI in the Baltic Sea Region. The overview of attempts to develop functional GI in Sweden, Latvia, Belarus and the Russian Federation, the countries with different contexts, illustrates similar sets of challenges in the maintenance of GI functions for both biodiversity and human wellbeing. The main challenges are (1) sustaining sufficient amounts of representative ecosystems with functional connectivity, (2) maintaining land management practices that support natural and seminatural areas important for human wellbeing and (3) development of stakeholder cross-sectoral collaboration laboratories towards a sustainable use of ecosystem services across the Baltic Sea Region. To deal with these challenges, there are at least five main sets of opportunities: (1) favourable international policies towards functional GI, (2) the abundance of applied knowledge in biodiversity conservation needed for GI’s integrated spatial planning, (3) existing landscape approach initiatives with rich experience in sustainable management and governance of landscapes, (4) the potential of landscape restoration projects and (5) transdisciplinary research projects that have been practised in the Baltic Sea Region. Stakeholders have much to gain from increased multilateral, learning-based collaborations regarding all aspects of sustainable forest landscapes. Such collaborations could serve as laboratories for cross-border governance and management in the Baltic Sea Region.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Naumov, Vladimir
(författare)
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Barriers and bridges for intensified wood production and biodiversity conservation in NW Russia's boreal forest
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Wood production and biodiversity conservation are two key objectives of sustainable forest management policy. These goals are rival and, therefore, hard to achieve at the same time and space. The aim of the thesis is to contribute to the understanding of barriers and bridges for intensified wood production and biodiversity conservation in NW Russia’s boreal forests. It was implemented by case study approach on both ecological and social systems of forest landscapes with different forest use histories in the European boreal biome. I first studied the forest use history in a forest management unit in NW Russia (paper I). Second, I analysed how production and biodiversity goals are actually balanced on the ground by comparing indicators for wood production and biodiversity conservation in NW Russia, Belarus, Latvia and Sweden (paper II). Next, in order to test the hypothesis that there are no biophysical obstacles to intensified wood production in NW Russia, I compared tree growth rates at 4 latitudes in NW Russia and Sweden (paper III). Finally, I reviewed the history of forest zoning policy, which is an influential mechanism to conserve biodiversity in Russian forests, and assessed if zoning policy change towards intensification negatively affected riparian forests, e.g. biodiversity conservation (paper IV). Results from this research shows that barriers for intensified wood production in NW Russia include limited silviculture, poor road development and conservative mind-set of decision-makers (paper I). Bridges for intensified wood production involve existing infrastructure of forest villages and available middle-aged forests (paper I) as well as equal biophysical conditions for tree growths (paper III). Biodiversity conservation goal is achieved better than wood production in NW Russia in comparison to countries with longer forest use histories (paper II). More relaxed zoning policy is considered as barrier to biodiversity conservation (paper IV). Developed zoning system (paper IV), landscape approach initiatives and remaining intact forests (paper I) provide opportunities for biodiversity conservation. This thesis suggests that balanced sustained-yield wood production together with biodiversity conservation is possible when a segregative zoning model is employed. To conclude, there is a need to engage in transdisciplinary research on the role of landscape stewardship for satisfying both wood production and biodiversity conservation objectives.
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| 14. |
- Naumov, Vladimir, et al.
(författare)
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Barriers and bridges for intensified wood production in Russia: Insights from the environmental history of a regional logging frontier
- 2016
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Ingår i: Forest Policy and Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1389-9341 .- 1872-7050. ; 66, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Russia sees the need to increase wood production. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of barriers and bridges in social and ecological systems for intensification of wood production in NW Russia. This requires that past development trajectories are understood. Using a local logging frontier in Russia's Komi Republic as a case study, we employed an environmental history approach to: (1) recreate the wood harvesting history for the period 1719-2014, (2) identify the main actors that produced this history, and (3) analyse what ideologies influenced decision making. First, after a long history of selective harvesting before the Russian Revolution in 1917, forests were rapidly clear-felled during the Soviet period 1921-1991. Following general economic deceleration, and thus severely reduced harvesting activities during 1992-1997, the rate of logging has increased slightly again. To conclude, barriers in ecosystems to intensification include Soviet legacies of large-scale harvesting, which resulted in a very uneven age distribution, limited and poorly conducted silviculture, as well as insufficient transport infrastructure. Additionally, social system barriers are a conservative mind-set at the policy level, unpredictable conditions for forest use rights and ownership, and limited value-added production at local level. Developing predictable rules and norms, forest zoning at local to regional scales, and the emergence of place-based multi-level collaborative learning concepts like Model Forest provide opportunity for bridging the observed barriers. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 15. |
- Naumov, Vladimir, et al.
(författare)
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How to reconcile wood production and biodiversity conservation? The Pan-European boreal forest history gradient as an "experiment"
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 218, s. 1-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There are currently competing demands on Europe's forests and the finite resources and services that they can offer. Forestry intensification that aims at mitigating climate change and biodiversity conservation is one example. Whether or not these two objectives compete can be evaluated by comparative studies of forest landscapes with different histories. We test the hypothesis that indicators of wood production and biodiversity conservation are inversely related in a gradient of long to short forestry intensification histories. Forest management data containing stand age, volume and tree species were used to model the opportunity for wood production and biodiversity conservation in five north European forest regions representing a gradient in landscape history from very long in the West and short in the East. Wood production indicators captured the supply of coniferous wood and total biomass, as well as current accessibility by transport infrastructure. Biodiversity conservation indicators were based on modelling habitat network functionality for focal bird species dependent on different combinations of stand age and tree species composition representing naturally dynamic forests. In each region we randomly sampled 25 individual 100-km(2) areas with contiguous forest cover. Regarding wood production, Sweden's Bergslagen region had the largest areas of coniferous wood, followed by Vitebsk in Belarus and Zemgale in Latvia. NW Russia's case study regions in Pskov and Komi had the lowest values, except for the biomass indicator. The addition of forest accessibility for transportation made the Belarusian and Swedish study region most suitable for wood and biomass production, followed by Latvia and two study regions in NW Russian. Regarding biodiversity conservation, the overall rank among regions was opposite. Mixed and deciduous habitats were functional in Russia, Belarus and Latvia. Old Scots pine and Norway spruce habitats were only functional in Komi. Thus, different regional forest histories provide different challenges in terms of satisfying both wood production and biodiversity conservation objectives in a forest management unit. These regional differences in northern Europe create opportunities for exchanging experiences among different regional contexts about how to achieve both objectives. We discuss this in the context of land-sharing versus land-sparing. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 16. |
- Naumov, Vladimir
(författare)
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Intensification of wood production in NW Russia's Komi Republic : forest landscape history and biophysical conditions for tree growth
- 2014
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Globally, countries with forests and woodlands make attempts to manage their resources in sustainable way. In the boreal biome this has resulted in several policy documents regulating forest planning and operations at multiple levels of governance. For example, due to shortage of accessible forest intensified wood production is a priority in the Russian Federation. Intensification requires knowledge of the past use of boreal forest landscapes, as well as about effective silvicultural practices. I employed a case-study approach to understand the forest landscape history of local timber frontier in NW Russia’s Komi Republic (Paper 1), and made a comparative study of growth rates of young coniferous trees in NW Russia and Sweden (Paper 2). Three aspects of environmental history were examined in Paper 1: (1) changes in the natural environments of the past, (2) the technology or progress behind landscape development, (3) values, perception and ideology that supported changes. The results show that industrial utilization of boreal forest in NW Russia began in the end of 19th century, and attempts to intensify sustained-yield wood production were taken several times during the 20th century. In Komi the major industrial use of boreal forest started in 1927. Productive pine-dominated forests along rivers were harvested first. When transport infrastructures were developed spruce forests became accessible for harvest, and were logged and replaced by deciduous successions. However, pristine spruce forests along streams and those with a remote location remained. Forest landscape history thus provides knowledge about where forestry intensification could take place, as part of spatial planning that also considers the maintenance of green infrastructures for both human well-being and biodiversity. In paper 2 I tested the hypothesis that growth rates of young coniferous trees across latitudes in NW Russia and Sweden are the same. I therefore measured 5 long shoots of 30 young Scots pines and Norway spruces in 10 randomly selected stands in poor, mesic and rich site types at three latitudes in both countries. I did not find any significant difference in tree growth for Scots pine between the two countries. To conclude, introducing pre-commercial thinning widely is a prerequisite for sustained yield wood production. To satisfy increased needs for wood, as well as social and ecological dimensions of sustainable forest management, Russian and Soviet legacies of landscapes zoning approach should be maintained.
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| 17. |
- Naumov, Vladimir, et al.
(författare)
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Intensifying forestry in NW Russia? : the roles of landscape history and tree growth
- 2014
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Ingår i: Euroscapes Communication. - 2001-5801.
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Inspired by Fennoscandian forestry, current Russian forest policy advocates intensification to reach higher sustained yields of wood as a base of economic growth. This requires knowledge about the consequences of regional forest histories, about the biological opportunities for tree growth, and about society. Focusing on a regional logging frontier in the Komi Republic in NW Russia we studied the history of wood use in terms of landscape changes, actors and their ideology. Past wood mining resulted in large areas of unmanaged young and middle-aged forests dominated by birch and aspen, and remnants of remotely located older spruce forests. To understand if biological conditions in NW Russia limit tree growth, we compared tree growth rates of young Scots pine and Norway spruce trees at different site types and latitudes in NW Russia and Sweden. While there was no difference in growth rate of young Scots pine between countries, Norway spruce grew more slowly in NW Russia. However, it was difficult to find young spruce trees growing freely without competition. Spatial planning is needed to segregate intensified wood production and forest management that also benefits rural development and biodiversity conservation. Ultimately, to succeed with intensification in the context of sustainable forest management also economy and society must be studied.
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| 18. |
- Naumov, Vladimir, et al.
(författare)
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Satisfying rival forestry objectives in the Komi Republic: effects of Russian zoning policy change on wood production and riparian forest conservation
- 2017
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Ingår i: Canadian Journal of Forest Research. - : Canadian Science Publishing. - 0045-5067 .- 1208-6037. ; 47, s. 1339-1349
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spatial segregation of different forest landscape functions can accommodate rival forestry objectives more comprehensively than integrated approaches. Russia has a unique history of forest zoning separating production and environmental functions. However, the Russian Forest Code of 2006 increased the focus on wood production. We reviewed the history of zoning policy in Russia and assessed if the recent policy change affected logging rates and conservation of riparian forests. Using Russia's Komi Republic as a case study, we specifically assessed (i) if policy change led to increased logging near streams, (ii) if logging rates were different in headwaters vs. main rivers, and (iii) how logging changed among catchments with different accessibility to logging. Using a global open-access remote sensing dataset, we compared mean annual forest loss as a proxy of logging rates in 10 large forested catchments in the Komi Republic in one period with strict zoning policy (2000-2006) and one with moderate zoning policy (2007-2014). Harvesting rate was positively related to the distance from streams. On the other hand, it increased after the policy change in the buffer zone but decreased outside it. Forests were harvested more in headwater buffers than along larger rivers, and harvest in the catchments near industries was higher and increasing; remote catchments had low forest loss. We discuss the opportunity for adopting forest zoning policy in different governance contexts.
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