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| 15. |
- Ngandu, T, et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol drinking and cognitive functions: findings from the Cardiovascular Risk Factors Aging and Dementia (CAIDE) Study
- 2007
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Ingår i: Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders. - : S. Karger AG. - 1420-8008 .- 1421-9824. ; 23:3, s. 140-149
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- <i>Background:</i> Moderate alcohol drinking is suggested to be beneficial for cognitive functions, but the results of previous studies have varied greatly. Little is known about the effects of midlife alcohol drinking on the cognitive functions later in life. <i>Methods:</i> Participants were derived from random, population-based samples studied in Eastern Finland in 1972, 1977, 1982, or 1987. A total of 1,341 participants were reexamined in 1998, after an average follow-up period of 21 years, at ages 65–79 years. <i>Results:</i> The participants who did not drink alcohol at midlife had a poorer performance in episodic memory, psychomotor speed, and executive function in late life as compared with infrequent and frequent drinkers, adjusted for sociodemographic and vascular factors. Also late-life nondrinkers had poorer psychomotor speed and executive function. These findings were evident especially among nonsmokers. Further, no interactions between apolipoprotein E4 and alcohol or sex and alcohol were found. <i>Conclusions:</i> Alcohol drinking both at midlife and later is favorably related to the function in several cognitive domains, including episodic memory, psychomotor speed, and executive function, in late life. However, it is not clear whether the association is causal, what is the possible mechanism, and what would be a safe limit of drinking for the best cognitive function.
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| 16. |
- Ngandu, T, et al.
(författare)
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Education and dementia : What lies behind the association?
- 2007
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Ingår i: Neurology. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0028-3878 .- 1526-632X. ; 69:14, s. 1442-1450
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Low education seems to be associated with an increased risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease (AD). People with low education have unhealthier lifestyles and more cardiovascular risk factors, but it is unclear how this affects the association between education and dementia.Methods: Participants of the Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia (CAIDE) study were derived from random, population-based samples previously studied in a survey in 1972, 1977, 1982, or 1987. After an average follow-up of 21 years, 1,449 individuals (72%) aged 65 to 79 participated in a re-examination in 1998.Results: Compared to individuals with formal education of 5 years or less, those with 6 to 8 years of education had OR of 0.57 (95% CI 0.29 to 1.13), and those with 9 years of education or more had OR of 0.16 (95% CI 0.06 to 0.41) for dementia. The corresponding ORs for AD were 0.49 (0.24 to 1.00) and 0.15 (0.05 to 0.40). The associations remained unchanged after adjustments for several demographic, socioeconomic, vascular, and lifestyle characteristics. The results were similar among both men and women. ApoE4 did not modify the association, but the risk of dementia and AD was very low among ApoE4 noncarriers with high education.Conclusions: The association between low education and dementia is probably not explained by the unhealthy lifestyles of the less educated compared with higher educated persons. Higher educated persons may have a greater cognitive reserve that can postpone the clinical manifestation of dementia. Unhealthy lifestyles may independently contribute to the depletion of this reserve or directly influence the underlying pathologic processes.GLOSSARY: AD = Alzheimer disease; CAIDE = Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia; DSM-IV = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; NINCDS-ADRDA = National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association; SBP = systolic blood pressure.
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| 17. |
- Olomon, A. S., et al.
(författare)
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Serum total cholesterol, statins and cognition in non-demented elderly
- 2009
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Ingår i: Neurobiology of Aging. - : Elsevier BV. - 0197-4580 .- 1558-1497. ; 30:6, s. 1006-1009
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The association between serum total cholesterol (TC), lipid-lowering drugs and cognition in the elderly is currently controversial. Objective: To investigate the relationship between TC, lipid-lowering drugs and cognitive functions in non-demented elderly. Design and Setting: Participants of the Cardiovascular risk factors, aging and dementia (CAIDE) study were derived from random, population-based samples previously studied in 1972, 1977, 1982 or 1987. Analyses are based on 1382 non-demented participants re-examined in 1998 after an average follow-up of 21 years. Results: High midlife TC was associated with poorer late-life episodic memory and category fluency. TC decreased in most individuals over time. A more pronounced decrease was related to poorer late-life episodic memory and psychomotor speed, but not if subjects used statins. Conclusions: The TC-cognition relationship seems bidirectional. High midlife TC is associated with poorer late-life cognition, but decreasing TC after midlife may reflect poorer cognitive status. Statins may be beneficial for cognition in non-demented elderly.
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| 20. |
- Solomon, A., et al.
(författare)
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Serum cholesterol changes after midlife and late-life cognition : Twenty-one-year follow-up study
- 2007
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Ingår i: Neurology. - 0028-3878 .- 1526-632X. ; 68:10, s. 751-756
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Longitudinal studies have shown that high serum total cholesterol (TC) at midlife is a risk factor for dementia/Alzheimer disease. The significance of TC later in life is unclear. Objective: To investigate changes in serum TC from midlife to late life and their relationship with late-life cognition. Methods: Participants of the Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia study were derived from random, population-based samples previously studied in a survey in 1972, 1977, 1982, or 1987. After an average follow-up of 21 years, 1,449 individuals aged 65 to 79 were reexamined in 1998. Results: Serum TC levels decreased in most individuals. High midlife TC represented a risk factor for more severe cognitive impairment later in life, and the values were significantly different between the control, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia groups. There were no significant differences in serum TC at reexamination. A moderate decrease in serum TC from midlife to late life (0.5 to 2 mmol/L) was significantly associated with the risk of a more impaired late-life cognitive status, even after adjusting for age, follow-up time, sex, years of formal education, midlife cholesterol, changes in body mass index, APOE epsilon 4 genotype, history of myocardial infarction/stroke/diabetes, and lipid-lowering treatment. Conclusions: The relationship between serum total cholesterol (TC) and dementia seems to be bidirectional. High midlife serum TC is a risk factor for subsequent dementia/Alzheimer disease, but decreasing serum TC after midlife may reflect ongoing disease processes and may represent a risk marker for late-life cognitive impairment.
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