| 11. |
- Williamson, Alice, et al.
(författare)
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Genome-wide association study and functional characterization identifies candidate genes for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Nature. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 55:6, s. 973-983
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Distinct tissue-specific mechanisms mediate insulin action in fasting and postprandial states. Previous genetic studies have largely focused on insulin resistance in the fasting state, where hepatic insulin action dominates. Here we studied genetic variants influencing insulin levels measured 2 h after a glucose challenge in >55,000 participants from three ancestry groups. We identified ten new loci (P < 5 × 10-8) not previously associated with postchallenge insulin resistance, eight of which were shown to share their genetic architecture with type 2 diabetes in colocalization analyses. We investigated candidate genes at a subset of associated loci in cultured cells and identified nine candidate genes newly implicated in the expression or trafficking of GLUT4, the key glucose transporter in postprandial glucose uptake in muscle and fat. By focusing on postprandial insulin resistance, we highlighted the mechanisms of action at type 2 diabetes loci that are not adequately captured by studies of fasting glycemic traits.
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| 16. |
- Pananaki, Maria Mersini, 1991-
(författare)
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The Parent–Teacher Encounter : A (mis)match between habitus and doxa
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of the thesis is to study how parents and teachers experience their encounter and how they negotiate their positions in the field of schooling with respect to legitimate knowledge claims about the child and the ideal form of home–school collaboration. The aim is operationalised through the following research questions: 1) How do parents and teachers utilise their social and cultural resources in their encounters? 2) How can certain resources function as forms of capital in relation to different practices in the field? 3) What practices do teachers and parents employ to preserve and/or subvert their relative positions in their encounters? The theoretical framework is grounded in Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of practice and the main conceptual tools are habitus, capital and doxa. Specifically, the thesis explores how parents and teachers rely on their dispositions to understand their encounter, how parents’ social and cultural resources evolve into forms of capital, and the different practices that parents and teachers employ to negotiate shared beliefs in the field of schooling. The parent–teacher encounter is viewed as a social practice that emerges in the interplay between subjectivity and objectivity. The study employs a qualitative design to examine teachers and parents of children in Swedish compulsory schools in the Stockholm urban area (grades one to nine). The data consists of individual interviews with seven teachers and eleven parents as well as observations in four development conferences. The empirical results show that the teachers talk about parents as a collective and have unified opinions about home–school collaboration. Although their practices mainly stem from a collective habitus, they also employ different collaboration strategies in encounters with parents. The findings on the parents point to differing positions in the social space due to their varying backgrounds in terms of culture, educational level, family structure and the like. Some parents use their social and cultural capital to negotiate with the teachers and claim accommodations whilst others struggle to express themselves in front of the teachers and to understand the dynamics of the Swedish school. The prerequisites for a successful collaboration that parents and teachers negotiate revolve around transparency, trust, mutual respect and engagement in the student.Furthermore, the thesis develops the notion of parental school capital, which is informed by the intersection of four components: educational capital, sociocultural context of upbringing, family dynamics and student’s schooling situation. Based on the analysis, the most powerful combination is high educational capital, upbringing in Sweden, shared responsibilities between parents, and a stable student performance. This combination often leads to the acquisition of certain advantages in the schooling field. The analysis further shows that the school doxa works unproblematically as long as there is a match between parents’ and teachers’ habitus. However, there are instances of mismatch when parents and teachers address problematic situations in an attempt to negotiate their positions and subsequently challenge the doxa.
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| 17. |
- Roll, S. K., et al.
(författare)
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Effects of grazer immigration and nutrient enrichment on an open algae-grazer system
- 2005
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Ingår i: Oikos. ; 108:2, s. 386-400
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- After disturbance, recovery dynamics of local populations depend on arrival rates of immigrants and local growth conditions. We studied the effects of herbivore immigration rates and nutrient enrichment on the dynamics of grazing insect larvae, benthic microalgae, and filamentous macroalgae recovering from low local densities in an open stream system. The two types of algae approximate a trade-off between capabilities for growing at low resource levels and resisting herbivory. Many microalgae achieve relatively high growth rates at low nutrient levels but are vulnerable to grazers, whereas many macroalgae require high nutrient levels for growth but become increasingly defended with filament growth. We hypothesized that macroalgae should benefit more strongly than microalgae from increasing nutrient levels and decreasing grazer immigration rates, because both conditions increase macroalgal chances to grow into a size refuge from herbivory. We created a gradient of nutrient concentrations and manipulated drift immigration rates of macroinvertebrates. Macro- and microalgal biomass and the relative contribution of macroalgae to total algal biomass increased with increasing nutrient enrichment and decreased with increasing grazer immigration. Grazer densities responded positively to nutrient enrichment. The densities of large baetids responded positively to higher immigration rates of large baetids, whereas small baetids and chironomid larvae showed the opposite response. Per capita emigration of small baetids decreased with increasing algal biomass. The data suggest that large baetids negatively affected algal biomass and that small baetid and chironomid densities tracked resource levels set by nutrient enrichment and large baetids. Our experiments highlight the prospects of integrating disturbance with nutrient supply, immigration rates and local trophic interactions (determining recovery trajectories) into conceptual models of open system dynamics. We suggest that recovery trajectories towards micro- or macroalgal dominated states may depend on the spatial scale of disturbance relative to the movement ranges of migrating grazers and to nutrient supply.
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