| 11. |
- Jandrić, Petar, et al.
(författare)
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Teaching in the Age of Covid-19—1 Year Later
- 2021
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Ingår i: Postdigital Science and Education. - : Springer. - 2524-485X .- 2524-4868. ; 3:3, s. 1073-1223
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 12. |
- Ryberg, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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On the evolution of ectomycorrhizal fungi
- 2022
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Ingår i: Mycosphere. - : MYCOSPHERE PRESS. - 2077-7000 .- 2077-7019. ; 13:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ectomycorrhiza is a symbiosis between plants and fungi. It is the type of mycorrhiza that involves the highest number of fungal species and it involves many stand forming tree species. As the ectomycorrhizal trees include the majority of all the worlds tree stems, it has a huge impact on the nutrient and carbon cycles. Here, we review the evolution of ectomycorrhiza within fungi. It has evolved many times in different clades. The rate of evolution has not varied much through time, but has varied between clades. Thus, no time period seems to have been more important than others for the evolution of new ectomycorrhizal lineages. It seems like once becoming ectomycorrhizal the probability of becoming saprotrophic again is very low. Despite the large change in nutritional strategy, it does not seem like becoming ectomycorrhizal is a key innovation that by itself gives a high rate of speciation and/or adaptive radiations. Genomic studies have shown little commonality in the evolution of ectomycorrhiza except for the loss of decay genes, expansions of transposable elements, and expansions of Mycorrhiza-induced Small Secreted Proteins. Although this fits with a biotrophic lifestyle and possibly an elevated rate of genome evolution, it does not hint at any other functional similarity. As ectomycorrhizal lineages have evolved many times during the evolutionary history of fungi, and it is not unlikely that there are ectomycorrhizal lineages that have gone extinct, the available functions provided by ectomycorrhiza to plants may have varied over time.
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| 13. |
- Sim, Thomas G., et al.
(författare)
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Regional variability in peatland burning at mid-to high-latitudes during the Holocene
- 2023
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Ingår i: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 305
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Northern peatlands store globally-important amounts of carbon in the form of partly decomposed plant detritus. Drying associated with climate and land-use change may lead to increased fire frequency and severity in peatlands and the rapid loss of carbon to the atmosphere. However, our understanding of the patterns and drivers of peatland burning on an appropriate decadal to millennial timescale relies heavily on individual site-based reconstructions. For the first time, we synthesise peatland macrocharcoal re-cords from across North America, Europe, and Patagonia to reveal regional variation in peatland burning during the Holocene. We used an existing database of proximal sedimentary charcoal to represent regional burning trends in the wider landscape for each region. Long-term trends in peatland burning appear to be largely climate driven, with human activities likely having an increasing influence in the late Holocene. Warmer conditions during the Holocene Thermal Maximum (similar to 9e6 cal. ka BP) were associated with greater peatland burning in North America's Atlantic coast, southern Scandinavia and the Baltics, and Patagonia. Since the Little Ice Age, peatland burning has declined across North America and in some areas of Europe. This decline is mirrored by a decrease in wider landscape burning in some, but not all sub-regions, linked to fire-suppression policies, and landscape fragmentation caused by agricultural expansion. Peatlands demonstrate lower susceptibility to burning than the wider landscape in several instances, probably because of autogenic processes that maintain high levels of near-surface wetness even during drought. Nonetheless, widespread drying and degradation of peatlands, particularly in Europe, has likely increased their vulnerability to burning in recent centuries. Consequently, peatland restoration efforts are important to mitigate the risk of peatland fire under a changing climate. Finally, we make recommendations for future research to improve our understanding of the controls on peatland fires.(c) 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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