| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Almas, Ingvild, et al.
(författare)
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Willingness to Compete : Family Matters
- 2016
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Ingår i: Management science. - : Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS). - 0025-1909 .- 1526-5501. ; 62:8, s. 2149-2162
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies the role of family background in explaining differences in the willingness to compete in a cognitive task. By combining data from a lab experiment conducted with a fairly representative sample of adolescents in Norway and high-quality register data on family background, we show that family background is fundamental in two important ways. First, boys from low socioeconomic status families are less willing to compete than boys from better-off families, even when controlling for confidence, performance, risk preferences, time preferences, social preferences, and psychological traits. Second, family background is crucial for understanding the large gender difference in the willingness to compete. Girls are much less willing to compete than boys among children from better-off families, whereas we do not find any gender difference in willingness to compete among children from low socioeconomic status families. Our data suggest that the main explanation of the role of family background is that the father's socioeconomic status is strongly associated with boys' willingness to compete. We do not find any association between the willingness to compete for boys or girls and the mother's socioeconomic status or other family characteristic that may potentially shape competition preferences, including parental equality and sibling rivalry.
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| 13. |
- Almås, Ingvild, et al.
(författare)
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Fairness and family background
- 2017
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Ingår i: Politics, Philosophy and Economics. - 1470-594X .- 1741-3060. ; 16:2, s. 117-131
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fairness preferences fundamentally affect individual behavior and play an important role in shaping social and political institutions. However, people differ both with respect to what they view as fair and with respect to how much weight they attach to fairness considerations. In this article, we study the role of family background in explaining these heterogeneities in fairness preferences. In particular, we examine how socioeconomic background relates to fairness views and to how people make trade-offs between fairness and self-interest. To study this, we conducted an economic experiment with a representative sample of 14- to 15-year-old and matched the experimental data to administrative data on parental income and education. The participants made two distributive choices in the experiment. The first choice was to distribute money between themselves and another participant in a situation where there was no difference in merit. The second choice was to distribute money between two other participants with unequal merits. Our main finding is that there is a systematic difference in fairness view between children from low-socioceconomic status (SES) families and the rest of the participants; more than 50 percent of the participants from low-SES families are egalitarians, whereas only about 20 percent in the rest of the sample hold this fairness view. In contrast, we find no significant difference in the weight attached to fairness between children from different socioeconomic groups.
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| 14. |
- Almås, Ingvild, et al.
(författare)
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Global evidence on the selfish rich inequality hypothesis
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 119:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on a study of whether people believe that the rich are richer than the poor because they have been more selfish in life, using data from more than 26,000 individuals in 60 countries. The findings show a strong belief in the selfish rich inequality hypothesis at the global level; in the majority of countries, the mode is to strongly agree with it. However, we also identify important between- and within-country variation. We find that the belief in selfish rich inequality is much stronger in countries with extensive corruption and weak institutions and less strong among people who are higher in the income distribution in their society. Finally, we show that the belief in selfish rich inequality is predictive of people’s policy views on inequality and redistribution: It is significantly positively associated with agreeing that inequality in their country is unfair, and it is significantly positively associated with agreeing that the government should aim to reduce inequality. These relationships are highly significant both across and within countries and robust to including country-level or individual-level controls and using Lasso-selected regressors. Thus, the data provide compelling evidence of people believing that the rich are richer because they have been more selfish in life and perceiving selfish behavior as creating unfair inequality and justifying equalizing policies.
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| 15. |
- Alzuhairi, Karam Sadoon, et al.
(författare)
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Sub-acute cardiac magnetic resonance to predict irreversible reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction : A DANAMI-3 sub-study
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Cardiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-5273. ; 301, s. 215-219
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: To predict irreversible reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) during admission for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in addition to classical clinical parameters. Irreversible reduction in LVEF is an important prognostic factor after STEMI which necessitates medical therapy and implantation of prophylactic implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). Methods and results: A post-hoc analysis of DANAMI-3 trial program (Third DANish Study of Optimal Acute Treatment of Patients With ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction) which recruited 649 patients who had CMR performed during index hospitalization and after 3 months. Patients were divided into two groups according to CMR-LVEF at 3 months: Group 1 with LVEF≤35% and Group 2 with LVEF>35%. Group 1 included 15 patients (2.3%) while Group 2 included 634 patients (97.7%). A multivariate analysis showed that: Killip class >1 (OR 7.39; CI:1.47–36.21, P = 0.01), symptom onset-to-wire ≥6 h (OR 7.19; CI 1.07–50.91, P = 0.04), LVEF≤35% using index echocardiography (OR 7.11; CI: 1.27–47.43, P = 0.03), and infarct size ≥40% of LV on index CMR (OR 42.62; CI:7.83–328.29, P < 0.001) independently correlated with a final LVEF≤35%. Clinical models consisted of these parameters could identify 7 out of 15 patients in Group 1 with 100% positive predictive value. Conclusion: Together with other clinical measurements, the assessment of infarct size using late Gadolinium enhancement by CMR during hospitalization is a strong predictor of irreversible reduction in CMR_LVEF ≤35. That could potentially, after validation with future research, aids the selection and treatment of high-risk patients after STEMI, including implantation of prophylactic ICD during index hospitalization.
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| 16. |
- Andersson, Jan, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Regeringsuppdrag synfält : utredning om förutsättningar för undantag från de medicinska kraven för individer med synfältsbortfall
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I regeringsuppdraget (I2021/ 02412) framgår att VTI, i samarbete med Trafikverket och Transportstyrelsen, ska utreda förutsättningarna för undantagshantering från de medicinska föreskrifterna med avseende på synfältsbortfall (B-körkort). Vidare ska tre aspekter beaktas: hur andra länder gör, konsekvenser för den enskilde samt samhällsekonomiska konsekvenser. Slutrapporten påvisar att Sverige med gällande rättsligt ramverk inte kan genomföra de förslag som slutrapporten föreslår. Det innebär att det kommer att krävas juridiska förändringar. Givet att dessa förändringar genomförs och att ett nytt förfaringssätt nyttjas visar slutrapporten på att a) positiva effekter för den enskilde individen uppstår, b) samhällsekonomiska vinster uppstår och c) en rättssäker och rättvis prövning är möjlig. Slutrapporten redovisar dessutom hur ett urval av andra länder har hanterat handläggningen av individer med synfältsbortfall givet samma EU-direktiv som Sverige regleras av. Det framgår också av undersökningen att samtliga länder, som en förutsättning för undantag från de föreskrivna kraven avseende synfält, tillämpar krav eller rekommendationer om att ett praktiskt körprov ska utgöra del i underlaget för bedömning av körförmågan. Kunskapsläget med avseende på körförmågebedömningar för individer med synfältsbortfall redovisas och där framgår med tydlighet att perimetrin som Sverige utnyttjar som underlag för återkallelse av körkort inte kan predicera individers körförmåga. Perimetrin är dock viktig eftersom individer med synfältsbortfall som grupp kan vara olämpliga förare. Slutsatsen som forskningslitteraturen enstämmigt lyfter är att det behövs förarprov (på väg eller i en simulator) för att kunna genomföra en valid bedömning. Slutligen innehåller slutrapporten vilka problem (aktiviteter) som kvarstår för att skapa en lämplig och kvalitetssäkrad process. Dessutom presenteras den kronologiska ordning på aktiviteter som behöver genomföras. Kronologin krävs eftersom resultatet av lämplig metod och aktör påverkar det vidare arbetet med avseende på utformning av körprov och rättsligt ramverk. Slutrapportens slutsats är att Sverige har möjligheten att genomföra en förändring med avsevärda nyttor. Detta eftersom de valda aktörerna och de valda metoderna existerar idag och därför endast behöver utvecklas i viss mån för att säkerställa att individer med synfältsbortfall erbjuds en kvalitetssäkrad, rättssäker och rättvis process som dessutom bedöms vara samhällsekonomiskt lönsam.
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| 17. |
- Anrup, Roland, et al.
(författare)
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Centrala universitetsvärden hotas av bolagiseringsidén
- 2013
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Ingår i: Dagens nyheter. - 1101-2447.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Högskolestiftelser. Förslaget att driva svenska universitet i stiftelseform öppnar för bolagisering. Men det är ingen riktig utredning, utan en politisk pamflett utan eftertanke. Privatisering av universitet hotar både oberoendet, forskningskvaliteten och samhällsnyttan, skriver 36 forskare vid svenska högskolor och universitet.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Avallin, Therese, et al.
(författare)
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Person-centred pain management for the patient with acute abdominal pain : An ethnography informed by the Fundamentals of Care framework
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Advanced Nursing. - : Wiley. - 0309-2402 .- 1365-2648. ; 74:11, s. 2596-2609
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: To explore and describe the impact of the organizational culture on and the patient-practitioner patterns of actions that contributes to or detract from successful pain management for the patient with acute abdominal pain (AAP) across the acute care pathway.Background: Although pain management is a recognized human right, unmanaged pain continues to cause suffering and prolong hospital care. Unanswered questions about how to successfully manage pain relate to both organizational culture and individual practitioners' performance.Design: Focused ethnography, applying the Developmental Research Sequence and the Fundamentals of Care framework.Methods: Participant observation and informal interviews (92hr) were performed at one emergency department (ED) and two surgical wards at a University Hospital during April-November 2015. Data include 261 interactions between patients, aged 18years seeking care for AAP at the ED and admitted to a surgical ward (N=31; aged 20-90years; 14 men, 17 women; 9 with communicative disabilities) and healthcare practitioners (N=198).Results: The observations revealed an organizational culture with considerable impact on how well pain was managed. Well-managed pain presupposed the patient and practitioners to connect in a holistic pain management including a trustful relationship, communication to share knowledge and individualized analgesics.Conclusions: Person-centred pain management requires an organization where patients and practitioners share their knowledge of pain and pain management as true partners. Leaders and practitioners should make small behavioural changes to enable the crucial positive experience of pain management.
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