| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Frenning, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Dielectric and Li transport properties of electron conducting and non-conducting sputtered amorphous Ta2O5 films
- 2001
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Ingår i: Electrochimica Acta. - 0013-4686 .- 1873-3859. ; 46:13-14, s. 2041-2046
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two types of sputtered thin film amorphous tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) were studied: one electron conducting Ta2O5 (ec-Ta2O5) and the other non-conducting Ta2O5 (nc-Ta2O5). The as-deposited films were characterized by impedance spectroscopy (IS) and isothermal transient ionic current (ITIC) measurements. From IS, the dc conductivity 2×10−14 S/cm was obtained for the ec-Ta2O5 film at an applied ac potential of 50 mV whereas a value ≤1×10−17 S/cm was obtained for the nc-Ta2O5 film. Li conducting properties were studied using the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique and ITIC measurements on the intercalated samples. Despite the very dissimilar dc conductivities of the as-deposited films, the two Ta2O5 samples showed surprisingly similar Li ion conducting properties for small Li/Ta2O5 ratios. The Li ion mobility was in the range 1.1×10−9–3.0×10−9 cm2/V s for both films. However, the Li storage behaviour as well as the chemical diffusion coefficient differed. For the nc-Ta2O5 film a plateau was observed in the equilibrium potential vs. composition curve for Li/Ta2O5 ratios between 7×10−5 and 2×10−3. This plateau was likely to have been caused by attractive interactions between the intercalated ions, possibly large enough to cause phase separation. The attractive interactions were shown to suppress the chemical diffusion coefficient in this composition range.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Granqvist, C.-G., et al.
(författare)
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Recent advances in electrochromics for smart windows applications
- 1998
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Ingår i: Solar Energy. - 0038-092X .- 1471-1257. ; 63:4, s. 199-216
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Electrochromic smart windows are able to vary their throughput of radiant energy by low-voltage electrical pulses. This function is caused by reversible shuttling of electrons and charge balancing ions between an electrochromic thin film and a transparent counter electrode. The ion transport takes place via a solid electrolyte. Charge transport is evoked by a voltage applied between transparent electrical conductors surrounding the electrochromic film/electrolyte/counter electrode stack. This review summarizes recent progress concerning: (i) calculated optical properties of crystalline WO3, (ii) electrochromic properties of heavily disordered W oxide and oxyfluoride films produced by reactive magnetron bias sputtering, (iii) novel transparent reactively sputter-deposited Zr-Ce oxide counter electrodes and (iv) a new proton-conducting antimonic-acid-based polymer electrolyte. Special in depth presentations are given on elastic light scattering from W-oxide-based films and of electronic band structure effects affecting opto-chronopotentiometry data in Zr-Ce oxide. The review also contains some new device data for an electrochromic smart window capable of very high optical transmittance.Electrochromic smart windows are able to vary their throughput of radiant energy by low-voltage electrical pulses. This function is caused by reversible shuttling of electrons and charge balancing ions between an electrochromic thin film and a transparent counter electrode. The ion transport takes place via a solid electrolyte. Charge transport is evoked by a voltage applied between transparent electrical conductors surrounding the electrochromic film/electrolyte/counter electrode stack. This review summarizes recent progress concerning: (i) calculated optical properties of crystalline WO3, (ii) electrochromic properties of heavily disordered W oxide and oxyfluoride films produced by reactive magnetron bias sputtering, (iii) novel transparent reactively sputter-deposited Zr-Ce oxide counter electrodes and (iv) a new proton-conducting antimonic-acid-based polymer electrolyte. Special in depth presentations are given on elastic light scattering from W-oxide-based films and of electronic band structure effects affecting opto-chronopotentiometry data in Zr-Ce oxide. The review also contains some new device data for an electrochromic smart window capable of very high optical transmittance.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Hua, Kai, et al.
(författare)
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Translational study between structure and biological response of nanocellulose from wood and green algae
- 2014
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Ingår i: RSC Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2046-2069. ; 4:6, s. 2892-2903
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of nanostructure on the cytocompatibility of cellulose films is analyzed providing insight into how physicochemical properties of surface modified microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and Cladophora nanocellulose (CC) affect the materials cytocompatibility. CC is modified through TEMPO-mediated oxidation and glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (EPTMAC) condensation to obtain anionic and cationic nanocellulose samples respectively, while anionic and cationic MFC samples are obtained by carboxymethylation and EPTMAC condensation respectively. Films of unmodified, anionic and cationic MFC and CC are prepared by vacuum filtration and characterized in terms of specific surface area, pore size distribution, degree of crystallinity, surface charge and water content. Human dermal fibroblasts are exposed to culture medium extracts of the films in an indirect contact cytotoxicity test. Moreover, cell adhesion and viability are evaluated in a direct contact assay and the effects of the physicochemical properties on cell behavior are discussed. In the indirect cytotoxicity test no toxic leachables are detected, evidencing that the CC and MFC materials are non-cytotoxic, independently of the chemical treatment that they have been subjected to. The direct contact tests show that carboxymethylated-MFC presents a more cytocompatible profile than unmodified and trimethylammonium-MFC. TEMPO-CC promotes fibroblast adhesion and presents cell viability comparable to the results obtained with the tissue culture material Thermanox. We hypothesize that the distinct aligned nanofiber structure present in the TEMPO-CC films is responsible for the improved cell adhesion. Thus, by controlling the surface properties of cellulose nanofibers, such as chemistry, charge, and orientation, cell adhesion properties can be promoted.
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| 18. |
- Jafri, S.Hassan M., et al.
(författare)
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Control of junction resistances in molecular electronic devices fabricated by FIB
- 2010
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Ingår i: 36th International Conference on Micro and Nano Engineering, MNE2010, Italy (2010).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Molecules provide an opportunity to fabricate electronic devices with much smaller basic unit in size i.e. 1-5 nm as compared to today’s silicon based electronics. Furthermore, molecules can be synthesized withalmost unlimited variation of their electronic structure. Theoretically, molecules in various configurations were demonstrated as rectifiers, transistors or memories, but experimentally it is still very difficult to obtaina stable and reproducible molecular based device [1]. A major hurdle to realize such devices is to make reliable electrical contacts to a single or a few molecules. Here, we show the first reproducible and systematic evaluation of a nanogap-nanoparticle bridge set-up that can be used as base for development of few molecule molecular electronics under ambient conditions. We have developed a nano-contact platform by top-down approach [2] with a gap size of 20-30nm using combined techniques of photolithography, electron beam lithography and focused ion beam milling (Fig 1). These gaps demonstrate excellent resistance in order of 1000 TΩ enabling us to carry out electrical characterization of highly resistive nanomaterials.However, compared to the size of molecules these gaps are quite big. In this study, we used metallic nanoparticles to bridge the gap and thus obtain electrical contacts with 1-2nm long molecules in the junction between the nanoelectrodes and the nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are assembled in the gap by a bottom-up approach using dielectrophrosis trapping process. Prior to introduction of molecules in such devices, we found that the trapping of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) in between clean nanoelectrodes without presence of molecules often gave resistance in order of mega-ohms to giga-ohms due to presence of a non conductive barrier. However, it was observed that cleaning protocols of both the gold contacts and nanoparticles in solution lead to resistance of less than a few hundreds of ohms (Fig 2). Molecules were introduced both by functionalizing the electrode gap and the the nanoparticles and the results of both functionalisation protocols are compared. By optimizing the electrode cleaning as well as the functionalisation of the metallic surfaces, we obtain reproducible electrical measurements. We fabricated such devices either by depositing a Self Assembled Monolayer (SAM) of molecules on the nano-contacts and bridging the gap by AuNP or by bridging the clean nano-contacts with molecule-coated-AuNP (Fig 3). Here we utilized a model molecules octanethiol (OT), octanedithiol and biphenyldithiol in fabrication of devices and study of metal molecule junction resistance. IV characterization of OT molecules (Fig 4) showed linear response where current levels varied between picoamps and femtoamps with an applied voltage of 1-3V. OT in this setup had one physisorbed contact with gold, which resulted in much less wave function mixing at the molecule-metal interface, and consequently decreased the transmission probability at the molecule-electrode interface. As a result, in the evaluation of more than 50 devices, a considerable variation of resistance between different devices due to the lack of covalent binding, the variation in number of trapped AuNPs, incomplete coverage of OT on the uneven surface of nanoelectrodes and variation in contact surface geometry. Density functional theory is used to understand the origin of the resistance fluctuation. We were able to estimate the average resistance per octanethiol molecule for such device in order of 175GΩ, in good agreement with other published results. Our results with the measurements on OT in such devices demonstrate that it is possible to fabricate stable electronic devices having relatively small numbers of molecules with reliable metal molecule junction by combing top-down and bottom-up approaches. By functionalizing the nanoparticles, we obtained a strong decrease of the resistance spread of such devices from 3 orders of magnitude to about 1 order of magnitude, making this technology a potential approach for molecular devices operating at ambient conditions.
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| 19. |
- Jafri, S Hassan M, et al.
(författare)
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Control of junction resistances in molecular electronic devices fabricated by FIB
- 2011
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Ingår i: Microelectronic Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-9317 .- 1873-5568. ; 88:8, s. 2629-2631
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A major hurdle to realize molecular electronic devices (MEDs) is to make reliable electrical contacts to a single or a few molecules. Our nano-contact platform with a gap size of less than 25 nm with resistances above 1000 TΩ was built using combined techniques of photolithography, electron beam lithography and focused ion beam milling. In this study, we have used gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to bridge the nanoelectrode gaps by dielectrophoretic trapping and thus obtain electrical contacts. The electrodes and/or the nanoparticles were functionalised with 1–2 nm long alkane-thiol molecules so that the electronic structure of these molecules determines the properties of the electrical junction. Molecules were introduced both by functionalising the nanogap and the nanoparticles and the results of both functionalisation protocols are compared. Here, we show the nanogap–nanoparticle bridge set-up containing metal–molecule junctions that can be used as a base for the development of molecular electronics containing only a few molecules under ambient conditions. Current–voltage (I–V) characterization of alkanethiol/gold junction showed non-linear response where mean geometric resistance of four different junctions could be tuned from 20 GΩ to 20 TΩ. The results from the measurements on 1-alkanethiol in such devices is a first step to demonstrate that this platform has the potential to obtain stable electronic devices having relatively small numbers of molecules with reliable metal molecule junction by combing top-down and bottom-up approaches.
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| 20. |
- Jonsson, AnnaKarin, et al.
(författare)
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Dielectric study of thin films of Ta2O5 and ZrO2
- 2001
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Ingår i: IEEE transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 1070-9878 .- 1558-4135. ; 8:4, s. 648-651
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electronic conduction in sputtered Ta2O5 and ZrO2 thin films have been studied using impedance spectroscopy, isothermal transient ionic current, and current-voltage measurements. The dielectric properties of Ta2O5 were shown to be sensitively dependent on deposition parameters with two different frequency responses: a flat loss behavior with very low DC conductivity, or a relaxation peak together with a somewhat higher DC conductivity. ZrO2 has different dielectric properties when fresh, i.e. newly deposited, or aged. A fresh sample arbitrarily can show two different behaviors, consisting of a DC conductivity with a relaxation peak superimposed on it. The DC conductivity shows either of two different values. The aged sample has a lower permittivity and DC conductivity, and the relaxation peak is found at much lower frequencies. Fresh samples of ZrO2 also show switching behavior
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