| 11. |
- Madajewicz, Malgosia, et al.
(författare)
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How does delegating decisions to communities affect the provision and use of a public service? : Evidence from a field experiment in Bangladesh*
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Development Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3878 .- 1872-6089. ; 150
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most development practitioners would list engaging communities in the provision of public services among best practices for improving access. However, whether community participation enhances provision and use of public services relative to a non-participatory approach is largely unknown because few studies compare impacts when the same public service intervention is implemented with and without community participation. This field experiment compares three approaches to providing safe water in rural Bangladesh. Delegating decisions to the community increases use of safe water by about 80% relative to a top-down provider making the same decisions but only when the approach to delegating decisions limits elite influence.
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| 12. |
- Mulligan, Joseph, et al.
(författare)
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An ‘engineer-client’ framework for community participation in infrastructure development projects
- 2011
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. - : Thomas Telford Ltd.. - 1478-4637 .- 1751-7664 .- 1478-4629 .- 1751-7680.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The importance of community participation in projects in the developing and developed world is widely recognised, despite considerable debate regarding what participation means in practice. In the developing world context, there is a distinct debate on how participation can achieve its stated goals of creating ‘ownership’ among targeted beneficiaries without becoming susceptible to elite capture or excluding marginalised groups. Projects that involve engineering analysis present a further challenge: to incorporate external technical expertise in decision-making so that project outcomes are improved, without compromising the participative process. The paper sets out a practical framework that reconciles the critical importance of early, meaningful community involvement in decision-making with the active role of the engineer as a technical adviser and facilitator. It is targeted for application in community-scale infrastructure development projects, where the community is the primary targeted beneficiary. The framework draws a parallel with a traditional engineer–client relationship, in which the client's (in this case the community's) needs and preferences drive the design process and in which final design approval rests with the client, but where the engineer plays an active role in helping to understand and interpret the client's needs and develops engineering responses through an iterative, responsive design process.
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| 13. |
- Tompsett, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Participation can increase sustainability
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Growth and development depend on the sustainable provision of infrastructure. However, infrastructure is woefully underprovided in much of the developing world, and in many cases falls rapidly into disrepair. The problem is particularly acute in poor and remote rural areas, where responsibility for maintenance and repair of infrastructure largely lies with communities. A common policy response is to require beneficiaries to participate in the design or financing of infrastructure. Such participation requirements intend to create “buy-in” or a sense of ownership, thereby increasing the likelihood of maintenance and repair, but they also impose additional costs on poor communities. Are these costs justified? We assemble 15 years of data from more than 600 wells constructed in 259 villages in rural Bangladesh and exploit experimental variation in community participation in project implementation to show that participation can increase sustainability.
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| 14. |
- Tompsett, Anna
(författare)
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The Lazarus drug : the impact of antiretroviral therapy on economic growth
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Development Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3878 .- 1872-6089. ; 143
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Does better population health lead to growth in per capita income? Theory is ambiguous and empirical evidence is very limited. In 2001, a steep fall in antiretroviral (ARV) drug prices triggered rapid and massive expansion of ARV therapy coverage in lower-income countries. Exploiting the sharp resultant changes in population health, I show that ARV therapy coverage expansion led to growth in GDP per capita. The positive effects on growth most likely persist for around four years. ARV therapy coverage expansion could explain around a third of the sub-Saharan African growth miracle.
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| 15. |
- Trubetskaya, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization and reactivity of soot from fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic compounds and monolignols
- 2018
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - Oxford : Elsevier. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 212, s. 1489-1500
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study presents the effect of lignocellulosic compounds and monolignols on the yield, nanostructure and reactivity of soot generated at 1250 °C in a drop tube furnace. The structure of soot was characterized by electron microscopy techniques, Raman spectroscopy and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The CO2 reactivity of soot was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. Soot from cellulose was more reactive than soot produced from extractives, lignin and monolignols. Soot reactivity was correlated with the separation distances between adjacent graphene layers, as measured using transmission electron microscopy. Particle size, free radical concentration, differences in a degree of curvature and multi-core structures influenced the soot reactivity less than the interlayer separation distances. Soot yield was correlated with the lignin content of the feedstock. The selection of the extraction solvent had a strong influence on the soot reactivity. The Soxhlet extraction of softwood and wheat straw lignin soot using methanol decreased the soot reactivity, whereas acetone extraction had only a modest effect.
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| 16. |
- Trubetskaya, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of Lignocellulosic Compounds on the Yield, Nanostructure and Reactivity of Soot from Fast Pyrolysis at High Temperatures
- 2017
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Gasification offers the utilization of biomass to a wide variety of applications such as heat, electricity, chemicals and transport fuels in an efficient and sustainable manner. High soot yields in the high-temperature entrained flow gasification lead to intensive gas cleaning and can cause a possible plant shut down. The reduction of soot formation increases the overall production system efficiency and improves the economic feasibility and reliability of the gasification plant. The aim of this work is to present the effect of lignocellulosic compoundson the yield, nanostructure and reactivity of soot. Soot was produced from holocelluloses, extractives, two types of organosolv lignin (softwood and wheat straw), and lignin-derived compounds (syringol, guaiacol, p-hydroxyphenol)at temperature of 1250°Cand residence time of 0.17 sand 0.35 sin a drop tube furnace.Soxhlet extraction was performed on soot samples from pyrolysis of both lignin samplesusing acetone and methanol as a solvent.The structure of solid residues was characterized by transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The reactivity of soot inO2oxidation and CO2gasificationwas investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The present results indicated that soot yields from pyrolysis of ligninfrom softwood and extractives at 1250°C with the residence time of 0.17 swere similaras shown in Figure 1. The highest soot yield was obtained from pyrolysis of wheat straw lignin and quantitatively comparable with the soot yield of hydroquinone. The presence of hydroxyl groups compared to other lignin-derived compounds representing S-and G-lignin types might enhance the soot formation.Lower soot yields were obtained from pyrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulosedue to the lower presence of inherent aromatic rings [1-3].Moreover, the soot yields from pyrolysis of potassium impregnated lignin at 1250°C with the residence time of 0.35 swere significantly lower than that of non-treated lignin samples indicating the catalytic influence of potassium inhibitinggrowth of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, confirming the previous results of Umeki et al. [4]
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- von Carnap, Tillmann, 1991-
(författare)
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Markets and marketplaces : Essays on access and transformation in remote rural economies
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Market access and agricultural intensification: Remotely-sensed evidence from Mozambican river crossingsMany believe that high transport costs are a significant constraint to agricultural intensification in rural Africa. Empirical evidence is limited, however, because areas with high agricultural potential may see more infrastructure improvements and data is rarely available at the necessary granularity. We use satellite imagery to measure agricultural outcomes in Mozambique, where inadequate river crossings create discrete jumps in travel costs between banks. We find that better-connected banks have 4.1% more land under cultivation than worse-connected counterparts. Improved access thus leads to intensified land use, albeit at the potential cost of lost natural lands. Remotely-sensed market activity as a high-frequency economic indicator in remote rural areasEffective targeting of social policies and their rigorous evaluation require relevant and accurate data. With the majority of the world's poor depending on agriculture and informal businesses for their livelihoods, information on these sectors is particularly valuable. I use high-frequency satellite imagery to map rural marketplaces across large geographies and track activity within them in real-time. Measured activity not only displays intuitive variation with respect to exogenous shocks, but also deepens the temporal and geographical detail at which remote sensing-based analyses are possible. Rural marketplaces and local developmentMarketplaces are an age-old way to connect geographically separated producers and consumers, and they remain widespread in low-income countries. How do these gatherings shape development around them? To address long-standing data gaps, I combine historical sources with novel satellite-based methods to map marketplaces and measure local population density, establishing three stylized facts for Kenya over the last five decades. First, while rural population quadrupled, two thirds of weekly markets operating in 1970 no longer do so today. Second and despite many markets no longer operating, population concentrated on average around markets that were active in 1970. Third, markets further from large cities saw the most population concentration relative to their surroundings. To rationalize these findings and derive policy implications, I extend a model of rural-urban trade with markets as population-independent locations that aggregate otherwise sparse supply and demand and enable scale economies in transportation. The model explains when new markets emerge, why some markets decline, and which complementary policies catalyze markets for local development.Weather shocks, child mortality and adaptation: Experimental evidence from UgandaClimate change increases the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events. With growing understanding of their health consequences, effective adaptation policies are needed. Combining data from a randomized trial inducing spatial variation in the availability of community-healthcare with data from a natural experiment inducing variation in growing-season precipitation, we assess the effect of investment in basic community healthcare to protect the poor from adverse consequences. We find that the risk of infant death following a rainfall deficit season fell by 46% in treatment relative to control villages. Thus, investments in basic healthcare in a low-income context can reduce the risk of weather-induced child mortality.
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