| 11. |
- Lu, Chan, et al.
(författare)
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Common cold among young adults in China without a history of asthma or allergic rhinitis : associations with warmer climate zone, dampness and mould at home, and outdoor PM10 and PM2.5
- 2020
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 749
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studied associations between reported common cold and home dampness and mould, cleaning habits and ventilation, climate and outdoor air pollution in China among young adults without asthma or allergic rhinitis. Parents of children attending day care in eight Chinese cities answered a questionnaire on their health and home environment (75% response rate). We restricted the population to subject without asthma or allergic rhinitis (N = 37,275). Temperature and air pollution data was obtained from monitoring stations. Associations were estimated by multilevel logistic regression. Totally 12.5% reported common cold (≥3 colds) and 1.6% frequent common cold (≥5 colds) in the past 12 months. Female gender (OR = 1.53; 95% CI 1.37–1.71), residents in southern China (OR = 1.89; 95% CI 1.16–3.07) and living in homes with water leakage (OR = 1.32; 95% CI 1.16–1.50), mould odour (OR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.28–1.72), indoor mould (OR = 1.47; 95% CI 1.28–1.70), condensation on window panes (OR = 1.42; 95% CI 1.32–1.52) and damp bed clothing (OR = 1.19; 95% CI 1.11–1.28) were associated with common cold. Having many signs of dampness increased ORs. Daily cleaning (OR = 0.91; 95% CI 0.85–0.97) and mechanical ventilation in kitchen or bathroom (OR = 0.75; 95% CI 0.64–0.89) were protective. Higher mean ambient temperature (OR = 1.11 per °C; 95% CI 1.02–1.21), PM10 (OR = 1.17 per 10 μg/m3 ; 95% CI 1.14–1.21) and PM2.5 (OR = 1.28 per 10 μg/m3 ; 95% CI 1.20–1.37) were associated with common cold. The association with particulate air pollution was stronger in southern China. Similar associations were found for frequent common cold. In conclusion, indoor dampness and mould, a warmer climate and PM10 and PM2.5 can be associated with reported common cold. Further intervention and prospective studies are needed to verify causality of observed association in this cross-sectional study.
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| 12. |
- Lu, Chan, et al.
(författare)
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Furry pet-related wheeze and rhinitis in pre-school children across China : Associations with early life dampness and mould, furry pet keeping, outdoor temperature, PM10 and PM2.5
- 2020
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundFew Chinese population studies exist on early life risk factors for furry pet allergy.ObjectivesWe studied childhood respiratory symptoms when in contact with furry pets in relation to early life exposure. Moreover, we studied similar environmental associations for rhinitis not related to furry pets.MethodsChildren aged 3–6 y from day care centres in seven Chinese cities participated (N = 39,782). Parents answered a questionnaire on home environment and children’s health, including rhinoconjunctivitis and wheeze when in contact with furry pets, and diagnosed rhinitis. Prenatal and postnatal outdoor temperature, PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 were calculated using data from monitoring stations. Associations were estimated by multilevel logistic regression.ResultsTotally 2% had cats, 4% dogs, and 3.2% had rhinoconjunctivitis or wheeze when in contact with furry pets (FP symptoms). Moreover, 1.1% had furry pet related diagnosed rhinitis and 7.5% had diagnosed rhinitis not related to furry pets (other diagnosed rhinitis). Prenatal PM2.5 and PM10, especially in second trimester, and a colder climate were risk factors for FP symptoms. ETS, dampness and mould, condensation on windows in wintertime, and cats and dog keeping were associated with FP symptoms. Breast feeding and frequent window opening were protective. Similar indoor associations were found for furry pet related diagnosed rhinitis. ETS, dampness and mould, window condensation, urbanization and mechanical exhaust ventilation were risk factors for other diagnosed rhinitis. Cooking with an electric stove and early life exposure to animals (cats, dogs, farm environment during pregnancy) were protective for diagnosed rhinitis not related to furry pets.ConclusionsPrenatal outdoor PM10 and PM2.5 can be risk factors for symptoms suggestive of furry pet allergy. Early life dampness and mould can be risk factors for rhinitis related and not related to furry pets. Exposure to animals (cats, dogs, farm environment) may reduce diagnosed rhinitis not related to furry pets.
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| 13. |
- Lu, Chan, et al.
(författare)
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Interaction effect of prenatal and postnatal exposure to ambient air pollution and temperature on childhood asthma
- 2022
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 167
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Although mounting evidence has associated air pollution and environmental temperature with children's health problems, it is unclear whether there is an interaction between these factors on childhood asthma.Objectives: To explore the effects of temperature-pollution interactions during pre- and post-natal periods on asthma among pre-schoolers.Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 39,782 pre-schoolers was performed during 2010-2012, in seven cities in China. Exposure to three temperature indicators (TI) and three critical ambient air pollutants, including particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <= 10 mu m (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) as proxies of industrial and vehicular air pollution, was estimated by an inverse distance weighted (IDW) method. Two-level logistical regression analysis was used to examine the association between both pre- and post-natal exposure and childhood asthma in terms of odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI).Results: Asthma prevalence in pre-schoolers at age of 3-6 years (6.9 %) was significantly associated with traffic-related air pollutant (NO2) exposure, with ORs (95 % CI) of 1.17 (1.06, 1.28), 1.19 (1.05-1.34) and 1.16 (1.03-1.31) for an IQR increase in NO2 exposure during lifetime, pregnancy, and entire postnatal period respectively. Furthermore, childhood asthma was positively associated with exposure to increased temperature during lifetime, pregnancy, and entire postnatal period with ORs (95 % CI) = 1.89 (1.66, 2.16), 1.47 (1.34, 1.61), and 1.15 (1.11, 1.18) respectively, while was negatively associated with decreased temperatures. Childhood asthma was positively related with exposure to extreme heat days (EHD) during postnatal period particularly in first year of life respectively with ORs (95 % CI) = 1.23 (1.04, 1.46) and 1.26 (1.07, 1.47), but was not related with extreme cold days (ECD) exposure. A combination of high air pollutant levels and high temperatures significantly increased the risk of asthma during both pre- and post-natal periods. Strikingly, we found a significantly positive interaction of temperature and PM10 or SO2 on asthma risk among boys and younger children.Conclusions: Prenatal and postnatal exposure to ambient air pollution and high temperatures are independently and jointly associated with asthma risk in early childhood.
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| 14. |
- Lu, Chan, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term exposure to mould/damp stains and mouldy odour increases low birth weight
- 2022
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Ingår i: Building and Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0360-1323 .- 1873-684X. ; 222
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Low birth weight (LBW), as a major concern in public health, is now increasing worldwide, but its main indoor environmental factors remain unclear.Objective: We examined whether LBW including term-LBW (T-LBW) and preterm-LBW (P-LBW) was associated with maternal exposure to indoor environmental factors, with a purpose to identify the key indoor environmental factor(s) contributing to LBW.Methods: A nationwide retrospective cohort study of 30,735 pre-schoolers in six Chinese cities was performed from 2010 to 2012. One questionnaire survey was conducted to collect information on the pre-schoolers' birth outcomes and their maternal exposure of indoor environmental factors including new furniture, house redecoration, cooking fuels, mould/damp stains, and mouldy odour during pregnancy. Maternal exposure of trafficrelated air pollutant (NO2), industrial pollutant (SO2), and inhalable particulate matter (PM10), as well as meteorological parameters, was estimated in pregnancy. Associations of LBW, T-LBW and P-LBW with indoor environmental factors were evaluated by two-level (city-child) logistic regression models with an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).Results: We found that P-LBW (1.0%) and T-LBW (1.4%) prevalence were respectively associated with persistent mould/damp stains and mouldy odour exposure in utero, ORs = 1.81 (95% CI: 1.01-3.24) and 1.49 (95% CI: 1.01-2.21). Exposure to high temperature and PM2.5 in pregnancy significantly enhanced the effect of persistent mould/damp stains and/or mouldy odour on P-LBW and LBW, ORs (95% CI) = 2.92 (1.40-6.07) and 1.78 (1.00-3.15) with significant interaction p values of 0.067 and 0.094 respectively. Sensitivity analysis suggested that raising cats and dogs significantly increased LBW risk of persistent mould/damp stains and mouldy odour exposure.
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| 15. |
- Lu, Chan, et al.
(författare)
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Onset and remission of eczema at pre-school age in relation to prenatal and postnatal air pollution and home environment across China
- 2021
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 755:Part 1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated associations between prenatal and postnatal environmental factors and onset and remission of preschool childhood eczema across China. The study population was preschoolers in randomized day care centers in seven cities (N = 39,782). Data on eczema and prenatal and postnatal indoor and outdoor environment were obtained from a cross-sectional questionnaire sent to parents or other guardians. Reports on eczema in the first 2 years and in the past year was used to retrospectively calculate onset and remission (changes of reported eczema). Prenatal and postnatal outdoor temperature, NO2 and PM10 were modelled from official air pollution data. Associations were estimated by two-level logistic regression. Calculated onset rate was 3.2%/y and remission rate 29.2%/y. Exposure to NO2 during pregnancy was associated with onset of eczema, similarly for all trimesters. Postnatal PM10 and NO2 were related to decreased remission. Postnatal outdoor temperature was associated with onset of eczema. Pre-natal and current redecoration or buying new furniture, and perinatal as well as current dampness and indoor mould, were associated with increased onset and decreased remission. Cockroaches in current home was another indoor risk factors. Prenatal exposure to farm environment and large family size were all negatively associated with eczema. In conclusion, a warmer climate and prenatal NO2 can be associated with increased onset of eczema in Chinese preschoolers. Postnatal PM10 and NO2 can be associated with reduced remission. Perinatal and current dampness, indoor mould and cockroaches may increase onset and decrease remission. Exposure to chemical emissions from indoor materials after first year of life may increase onset. Prenatal exposure to farm environment and large family size could be protective.
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| 16. |
- Norbäck, Dan, et al.
(författare)
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Asthma and rhinitis among Chinese children - Indoor and outdoor air pollution and indicators of socioeconomic status (SES)
- 2018
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 115, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Few data exist on asthma and rhinitis across China in relation to indoor and outdoor air pollution, climate and socioeconomic factors. The main aim was to study associations between asthma, rhinitis and current respiratory symptoms among pre-school children across China and selected indoor and outdoor exposure and indicators of socio-economic status (SES) in mutually adjusted models.Methods: Chinese children (3-6 yr.) (n = 39,782) were recruited from randomly selected day care centres in seven cities in China. Data on asthma, respiratory symptoms, rhinitis, indoor and outdoor exposure at home and SES were assessed by a parentally administered questionnaire. Lifetime mean ambient temperature, PM10, NO2, and GDP per capita on city level were calculated.Results: Totally 7.4% had ever doctors' diagnosed (DD) asthma and 8.7% DD-rhinitis, 19.7% had current wheeze, 45.0% rhinitis and 16.9% cough. DD-asthma was associated with ambient temperature (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.11-1.20 per degrees C), NO2 (OR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.02-1.33 per 10 mu g/m(3)), indoor mould/dampness (OR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.13-1.39) and living near major roads (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.02-1.25). DD-rhinitis was associated with ambient temperature (OR= 1.07, 95% CI 1.05-1.10 per degrees C), NO2 (OR= 1.20, 95% CI 1.09-1.32 per 10 mu g/m(3)), GDP (OR= 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.06 per 10,000 RenMinBi/year), indoor mould/dampness (OR= 1.23, 95% CI 1.11-1.35), passive smoking (OR= 1.11, 95% CI 1.01-1.21), and living near major roads (OR= 1.14, 95% CI 1.03-1.25). Children in suburban or rural areas, in larger families (>= 5 persons) and with prenatal farm exposure had less DD-asthma and DD-rhinitis.Conclusions: Economic development level of the city, higher SES, ambient temperature, NO2, PM10, traffic air pollution and mould/dampness can be risk factors for asthma and rhinitis and respiratory symptoms among preschool children in China. Breastfeeding, large family size and early-life farm exposure could be protective factors.
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| 17. |
- Norbäck, Dan, et al.
(författare)
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Common cold among pre-school children in China - associations with ambient PM10 and dampness, mould, cats, dogs, rats and cockroaches in the home environment
- 2017
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 103, s. 13-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: There is some evidence that dampness, mould and cockroaches can increase the risk of respiratory infections in children but few studies exist from China on this topic.Aim: To study associations between domestic early life exposure to biological indoor factors (dampness, mould, cats, dogs, rats, cockroaches), cleaning habits and common cold among pre-school children across China.Methods: Children aged 3-6 years (n = 39,782) were recruited from randomly selected day care centres in seven cities in China. Data on common cold and prenatal and postnatal exposure to dampness, mould, windowpane condensation inwintertime (WPC), cats, dogs, cockroaches and rats were assessed by a parentally administered questionnaire. Data on annual ambient temperature and PM10 was assessed on city level. Associations between high frequency (>5 colds per year) and long duration (>= 2 weeks) of common colds in the past year and exposure were calculated by multilevel logistic regression.Results: A total of 9.2% had a high frequency and 11.9% had long duration of common cold. Exposure to mould (OR= 1.38, 95% CI 1.24-1.53) and WPC (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.13-1.33) at birth was associated with frequent common cold. Exposure to dogs at birth was associated with long duration of common cold. (OR= 1.22, 95% CI 1.06-1.41). Exposure tomould (OR= 1.36, 95% CI 1.22-1.54), WPC (OR= 1.27, 95% CI 1.17-1.39) and water leakage (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.20-1.49) in the current home was associated with frequent common cold. Presence of cockroacheswere positively (OR= 1.12, 95% CI 1.02-1.24) and presence of rats (OR= 0.86, 95% CI 0.77-0.96) negatively associated with high frequency of common cold. Daily cleaning was negatively associated with frequent common cold (OR= 0.89, 95% CI 0.81-0.97). Similar associations formould, WPC, cockroaches and rats were found for long duration. Ambient PM10 (OR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.21-1.35 per 10 mu g/m(3)) and temperature (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.06-1.35 degrees C) on city level were associated with high frequency of common cold. Associations between cat keeping and high frequency of common cold were found only in southern China. Associations with cockroaches were stronger in northern China. Associations with dampness and mould were the same in the north and south.Conclusions: Indoormould, water damage, windowpane condensation, cockroaches and keeping cats or dogs as pets can be risk factors for common cold while daily cleaning can be protective factor. PM10 and a warmer climate zone can be other risk factors for common cold.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Norbäck, Dan, et al.
(författare)
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Lifetime-ever pneumonia among pre-school children across China - Associations with pre-natal and post-natal early life environmental factors
- 2018
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Ingår i: Environmental Research. - : ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE. - 0013-9351 .- 1096-0953. ; 167, s. 418-427
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Biomass burning is associated with childhood pneumonia but few studies exist on other indoor factors.Aim: To study pneumonia in relation to pre-natal and post-natal exposure among children across China.Methods: Children (3-6 y) (n = 39,782) from randomized day care centres in seven cities in China. Information on pneumonia and pre-natal and post-natal exposure to home environment factors were assessed by a parental questionnaire. Life-time outdoor temperature and GDP per capita were assessed on city level. Associations were calculated by multilevel logistic regression adjusting for fourteen co-variates.Results: Totally 32.0% had ever had pneumonia diagnosed by a physician. Children of farmer mothers (OR = 0.65), with breastfeeding (OR = 0.91) and living in rural (OR = 0.85) or suburban (OR = 0.90) areas had less pneumonia. Buying new furniture one year before conception (OR = 1.11) and after first year of life (OR = 1.10) increased the risk. Redecoration one year before conception (OR = 1.20), during pregnancy (OR = 1.18) and after first year of life (OR = 1.17) increased pneumonia risk. Children with mould (OR = 1.17), window pane condensation (WPC) (OR = 1.20) and mould odour (OR = 1.15) at home at birth only had a higher risk of pneumonia. Similar associations were seen for dampness and mould in the current home. Children in the oldest and newest homes had less pneumonia. Cockroaches (OR = 1.08), mosquitos or flies in the current home (OR = 1.18), an exhaust fan in the bathroom (OR = 1.10) and higher economic development level, measured as GDP per capita on city level (OR 1.11 per 10,000 RMB/year) were associated with childhood pneumonia.Conclusions: Perinatal and postnatal exposure to mould, mould odour and window pane condensation at home can be early life risk factors for childhood pneumonia in China. Moreover, pre-natal and post-natal exposure to chemical emissions from new furniture and renovation could increase the risk of childhood pneumonia. Breastfeeding, farm exposure, and living in rural or suburban areas could be protective.
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| 20. |
- Norbäck, Dan, et al.
(författare)
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Onset and remission of childhood wheeze and rhinitis across China : Associations with early life indoor and outdoor air pollution
- 2019
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 123, s. 61-69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Few longitudinal studies exist on childhood exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollution and respiratory illness in China. We studied associations between indoor and outdoor environment and prevalence, onset and remission of wheeze and rhinitis among children across China.Methods: Children (3-6 y) were recruited from randomized day care centres in six cities. The main data analysis was restricted to children not moving since birth (N = 17,679). Data on wheeze, rhinitis and the home environment were assessed by a parental questionnaire. Prevalence in the first two years of life (baseline) and the last year (follow-up) was used to calculate onset and remission. Outdoor PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 at the day care centre were modelled from monitoring station data. Associations were calculated by multilevel logistic regression.Results: Prenatal NO2 was associated with decreased remission of wheeze and increased prevalence and increased onset of rhinitis. Prenatal PM2.5 was associated with increased prevalence of wheeze. Postnatal NO2 and postnatal PM10 were associated with increased prevalence and lower remission of wheeze and rhinitis. Mould, window pane condensation, renovation and cockroaches at home were associated with increased prevalence and increased onset of wheeze and rhinitis. Gas cooking was associated with increased onset of rhinitis. Children of mothers with industrial work had more wheeze.Conclusions: Outdoor PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 can increase childhood wheeze and rhinitis. Dampness and mould can increase onset and decrease remission. Crowdedness, cockroaches at home and emissions from new building materials and gas cooking can be risk factors for wheeze and rhinitis.
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