| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Börjesson, Pål, et al.
(författare)
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The prospects for willow plantations for wastewater treatment in Sweden
- 2006
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Ingår i: Biomass & Bioenergy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2909 .- 0961-9534. ; 30:5, s. 428-438
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of willow vegetation filters for the treatment of nutrient-rich wastewater has the potential to address two of our most serious environmental problems today -water pollution and climate change- in a cost-efficient way. Despite several benefits, including high treatment efficiency, increased biomass yields, improved energy and resource efficiency, and cost savings, willow vegetation filters have so far only been implemented to a limited degree in Sweden. This is due to various kinds of barriers, which may be the result of current institutional, structural and technical/geographical conditions. This paper discusses the prospects of a more widespread utilisation of willow plantations for wastewater treatment in Sweden, including existing incentives and barriers, based on current knowledge and experience. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 13. |
- Carlson, Raul, 1961, et al.
(författare)
-
Establishing common primary data for environmental overview of product life cycles. Users, perspectives, methods, data and information systems
- 2005
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report describes how information about the environmental performance of products over their life cycles can be accessed anywhere and by any stakeholder throughout the product life cycle. Particular consideration has been given to different ways of performing a life cycle assessment (LCA). The report covers different users of environmental product information, the various methods and tools used to produce and disseminate that information, and the primary data needed for those methods and tools. The report also outlines an information system organisation for potential use as a cooperative approach to supporting stakeholders of product life cycles with environmental information. Chapter 2 contains a comprehensive (albeit not exhaustive) list of perspectives from which a stakeholder may environmentally view and assess products. A number of examples are given to describe reasons people have in practice for applying each perspective. The intention is to ensure that users find the methods and tools in chapter 3 to be truly relevant. Chapter 3 lists and presents methods and tools for assessing environmental performance, for acquiring information about environmental impacts, and for providing information on environmental properties of products. Particular emphasis is placed on the different types of LCA that have been identified, how they differ, how to use them, and their differing data requirements. Chapter 4 lists and presents the data and information that are used or produced by the methods and tools described in Chapter 3. This chapter includes discussion of data availability, data quality issues and data formatting. Chapter 5 proposes an information system organisation and design taking into account all perspectives and practical needs as described in Chapter 2, as well as all information and data issues described in Chapter 4. Particular attention is paid to the need for compatibility with existing systems, the technical and economic feasibility of building small systems instead of large ones, and the necessity of a short payback time for all investments, particularly those in the private sector. In chapter 6 the authors present outline recommendations for further work.
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| 14. |
- Egeskog, Andrea, 1981, et al.
(författare)
-
Co-generation of biofuels for transportation and heat for district heating systems – an assessment of the national possibilities in the EU
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Energy Policy. - Amsterdam : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 37:12, s. 5260-5272
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biomass gasification with subsequent synthesis to liquid or gaseous biofuels generates heat possible to use in district heating (DH) systems. The purpose here is to estimate the heat sink capacity of DH systems in the individual EU nations and assess the possibilities for biomass-gasification-based co-generation of synthetic biofuels for transportation and heat (CBH) for DH systems in the EU countries. The possibilities are assessed (i) assuming different levels of competiveness relative to other heat supply options of CBH corresponding to the EU target for renewable energy for transportation for 2020 and (ii) assuming that the potential expansion of the DH systems by 2020 is met with CBH. In general, the size of the DH heat sinks represented by the existing national aggregated DH systems can accommodate CBH at a scale that is significant compared to the 2020 renewable transportation target. The possibilities for CBH also depend on its cost-competitiveness compared to, e.g., fossil-fuel-based CHP. The possible expansion of the DH systems by 2020 represents an important opportunity for CBH and is also influenced by the potential increase in the use of other heat supply options, such as, industrial waste heat, waste incineration, and CHP.
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| 15. |
- Granström, Karin
(författare)
-
Emissions of volatile organic compounds from wood
- 2005
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The central aim of this thesis is to support the efforts to counteract certain environmental problems caused by emissions of volatile organic compounds. The purpose of this work was (1) to develop a method to establish the amount of emitted substances from dryers, (2) to determine the effect of drying medium temperature and end moisture content of the processed material on emissions of monoterpenes and other hydrocarbons, (3) to examine the emissions of monoterpenes during production of pellets, and (4) to examine the natural emissions from forests with an eye to implications for modelling. The measurement method (1) resolves the difficulties caused by diffuse emissions, and also solves the problems associated with high moisture content of the drying medium. The basic idea is to use water vapour to determine the exhaust flow, while a dry ice trap is used both to preconcentrate emitted volatile organic compounds and to determine the moisture content of the drying medium. The method as used in this paper has an uncertainty of 13% using a 95% confidence interval. Emissions from a spouted bed (2) in continuous operation drying Norway spruce sawdust at temperatures of 140°C, 170°C or 200°C was analysed with FID and GC-MS. When the sawdust end moisture content was reduced below 10%wb, emissions of terpenes and volatile organic compounds per oven dry weight increased rapidly. Increased temperature of the drying medium increased the amounts of emitted monoterpenes when sawdust moisture content was below the fibre saturation point. Examination of sawdust and wood pellets from different pellets producers (3) revealed that most of the terpene emissions happened during the drying step, with rotary dryers causing higher emissions than steam dryers. Almost all of the volatile terpenes remaining in wood after drying were released during pelleting. When sawdust with higher moisture content was used in the pellets press, the terpene emissions were increased. Terpenes emitted naturally from vegetation can have an adverse environmental impact. Factors affecting terpene emissions from tree species in Sweden were reviewed (4). Models for prediction of terpene fluxes should include not only temperature but also light intensity, seasonal variation, and a base level of herbivory and insect predation. Prediction of high concentrations of ambient terpenes demand sufficient resolution to capture emission peaks e.g. those caused by bud break.
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| 16. |
- Granström, Karin
(författare)
-
Utvärdering av miljöanpassat reningsverk i Hammarö kommun ur ett kretsloppsperspektiv : minskning av transportarbete och näringsläckage
- 2007
-
Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Hammarö kommuns reningsverk vid Sätter har biologisk rening av kväve och fosfor. Det byggdes för att få bort ineffektiva enskilda avlopp och istället skapa ett ekologiskt hållbart kretslopp för lokalt återbruk av avlopp och organiskt hushållsavfall. Ledningsnätet är ännu inte fullt utbyggt. Här analyseras vinsterna med de olika faserna i en kommande utbyggnad av ledningsnätet. Att hushållsavfallets organiska del transporteras i avloppsledningarna har hittills inte påverkat soprutter eller hämtningsfrekvens, så transportarbetet för sopor är oförändrat. Genomslaget för avfallskvarnar är när denna studie görs 35%, vilket inte är tillräckligt för att märkbart påverka sopmängderna. En större acceptans för avfallskvarnar behövs. Om nuvarande genomslag i befintlig bebyggelse kvarstår, men avfallskvarn blir obligatoriskt i nybyggda områden, så minskar mängden näringsämnen i de sopor som går till förbränning med 54%. Transportarbetet för slam från östra Hammarö var före byggandet av Sätterverket 12600 km/år. Det minskar till 5500 km/år efter utbyggnaden av ledningsnät till Rud och Torp, till 3000 km/år när ledningsnät dragits till östraste Hammarö, för att helt upphöra när Tynäs kopplas på. I södra Hammarö behålls enskilda avlopp, men transportavståndet för producerat slam blir kortare. Transporterna minskar därför från 4500 km/år till 4200 km/år, vilket motsvarar 170 liter drivmedel. Ett fullt utbyggt ledningsnät på östra Hammarö reducerar transporterna med 60%, vilket motsvarar en drivmedelsförbrukning på 6900 liter/år. När anslutningen av Rud och Torp är genomförd minskar läckaget av kväve med 1080 kg och av fosfor med 190 kg. Inkoppling av östraste Hammarö minskar näringsämnesläckaget med 480 kg kväve och 85 kg fosfor. När Tynäs ansluts minskas läckaget med ytterligare 542 kg kväve och 95 kg fosfor.
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| 17. |
- Granström, Karin
(författare)
-
Utvärdering av miljöanpassat reningsverk i Hammarö kommun ur ett kretsloppsperspektiv : förstudie för etablering av nollpunkt
- 2005
-
Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Hammarö kommun bygger ett nytt reningsverk för avloppsvatten och organiskt hushållsavfall. Reningsverket består av en förbehandling, ett aktivt slamsteg samt en efterföljande våtmark. Slammet hygieniseras i en våtkompost och avvattnas i en vassbädd. Avrinningen ska vara fosforrik och användas för kombinerad gödsling och bevattning. Avvattnat slam ska användas som jordförbättringsmedel. Syftet med reningsverket är att få till ett lokalt kretslopp av organiskt hushållsavfall, och minskade avfallstransporter. Hammarö kommun ligger i Värmland vid Klarälvens mynning i Vänern. Utanför centralorten finns spridd permanent bebyggelse och omfattande fritidsbebyggelse utan anslutning till kommunalt vatten och avlopp. Marken karakteriseras av berg i dagen, tunn jordmån, och lera eller tät morän. Infiltration som reningsmetod har därmed dåliga förutsättningar. Med nuvarande enskilda avloppslösningar föreligger stora risker för läckage av näringsämnen till Vänern. Dåligt renat avloppsvatten utgör också en risk för vattenkvaliteten i enskilda brunnar. Syftet med rapporten är att före byggandet av Hammarös nya reningsverk klargöra storleken på flöden av näringsämnen och mängden transporter av hushållsavfall i området. Detta för att etablera den nollpunkt som behövs för att senare kunna bedöma vilka förbättringar som uppnåtts med det nya reningskonceptet. Från hushåll på östra Hammarö går 930 kg kväve och 120 kg fosfor till det nuvarande reningsverket på Vidön, medan 2100 kg kväve och 370 kg fosfor läcker ut till omgivningen. Transportarbetet på Hammarö för sopor, latrin, slam och tankinnehåll är ca 21000 km per år. Detta fördelar sig på sopor 3900 km/år, latrin 480 km/år, slam 5700 km/år och tankinnehåll 11000 km/år.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Gustavsson, Leif, et al.
(författare)
-
Heating Detached Houses in Urban Areas
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Energy. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 28:8, s. 851-875
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- District heating systems using cogeneration, as well as local fuel-based and electric heating systems for detached houses, are analysed. The analysis includes the whole energy system, from the natural resource to the end user, with respect to primary energy use, emission and cost. The end-use technologies studied are heat pumps, resistance heaters and boilers. It was assumed that the base-load electricity, except for the cogenerated electricity, was produced in stand-alone power plants using wood chips or natural gas, while peak-load electricity and fuel used for transportation were produced from crude oil. The heat pump and district heating systems are found to be most energy efficient, followed by the local fuel-based systems. The wood-fuel-based systems emit about one tenth of the greenhouse gases emitted by the natural-gas-based systems. The sulphur and nitrogen oxide emission, however, is higher for wood-fuel-based systems. Systems based on natural gas are less expensive than the corresponding wood-fuel-based systems. Decarbonization and carbon dioxide sequestration, however, do not reduce the carbon dioxide emission to the low level of the wood-fuel-based systems and, in addition, make the natural-gas-based systems more expensive than the wood-fuel-based systems.
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| 20. |
- Gustavsson, Leif, et al.
(författare)
-
Implementing energy efficiency measures in existing Swedish building stock
- 2008
-
Ingår i: World Sustainable Energy Days 2008, 5-7 March 2008, Wels, Austria.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a large potential for improving energy efficiency in the existing Swedish building stock. However, how successful the implementation of the efficiency measures will be, depends on economical and technical factors as well as on the attitudes and perceptions of the relevant actors. In this paper we use Rogers’ diffusion of innovation theory to analyze various factors affecting implementation of energy efficiency measures in the Swedish detached houses and apartment buildings. Results of recent Swedish household surveys concerning adoption of heating systems showed that majority of the respondents were satisfied with their heating systems and did not intend to install a new one. Economic aspects and functional reliability were important factors in the choice of heating systems, while installers/vendors were the most important sources of information on heating system. We discuss upcoming empirical studies on implementation of other energy efficiency measures, e.g. energy efficient windows and additional insulation, including that of heating systems, in detached houses and apartment buildings.
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