| 1. |
- Fängström, Britta, et al.
(författare)
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Hydroxylated PCB Metabolites in Non-hatched Fulmar Eggs from the Faroe Islands
- 2005
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Allen Press. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 3:34, s. 184-187
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thirty-six polychlorinated biphenylols (OH-PCBs) conge-ners were characterized in Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) eggs collected from the Faroe Islands. The seven most abundant congeners were quantified in 19 samples, and the XOH-PCB concentrations ranged between 0.92 and 4.0 ng g 1 fresh weight (f.w.). These eggs constitute a part of the traditional diet for at least a part of the population on the Faroe Islands and may contribute to the high levels of these contaminants found in the blood of pregnant Faroese women. Because the metabolites are present in the nonhatched fulmar egg, it is concluded that the OH-PCBs are transferred to the egg before laying. High levels, 3300- 18 000 ng g-1 l.w., of 2polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were determined in the fulmar eggs, which are a consider-able source for human exposure. The high PCB levels are a source for metabolic formation of hydroxylated PCBs.
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| 2. |
- Sundström, L. Fredrik, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Hatchery selection promotes boldness in newly hatched brown trout (Salmo trutta): implications for dominance
- 2004
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Ingår i: Behavioral Ecology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1045-2249 .- 1465-7279. ; 15:2, s. 192-198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- By using newly hatched (approximately 2 weeks old) brown trout (Salmo trutta) from six families of wild and six families of sea-ranched origin (seventh generation), we tested the hypotheses that (1) the hatchery environment selects for increased boldness, and (2) boldness predicts dominance status. Sea-ranched trout spend their first 2 years in the hatchery before being released into the wild at the onset of seaward migration. Trout were presented with a novel object (tack) and with food (brine shrimp), and their responses were measured and scored in terms of boldness. Siblings with increasing difference in boldness were then paired in dyadic contests. Fish of sea-ranged origin were on average bolder than were fish of wild origin, and bolder individuals were more likely to become dominant regardless of origin. Boldness was not related to RNA levels, indicating that bold behavior was not a consequence of higher metabolism or growth rate. Neither was size a predictor of bold behavior or the outcome of dyadic contests. These results are consistent with studies on older life stages showing increased boldness toward predators in hatchery-selected fish, which suggests that behavioral consequences of hatchery selection are manifested very early in life. The concordance between boldness and dominance may suggest that these behaviors are linked in a risk prone-aggressive phenotype, which may be promoted by hatchery selection. However, we also found significant variation in behavioral and growth-related traits among families, suggesting that heritable variation has not been exhausted by sea-ranching procedures.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Oddie, KR
(författare)
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Size matters: competition between male and female great tit offspring
- 2000
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Ingår i: JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY. - : BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD. - 0021-8790. ; 69:5, s. 903-912
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1, Studies of sex allocation in birds have traditionally centred on Fisher's (1930) theory of equal parental investment in male and female offspring. They concentrate particularly on sexually dimorphic species, where costs of rearing offspring are assumed
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| 5. |
- Albertsson, Jan, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of a borrowing deposit-feeder, Monoporeia affinis, on viable zooplankton resting eggs in the northern Baltic Sea
- 2000
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Ingår i: Marine Biology. - Umea Univ, Dept Ecol & Environm Sci, S-90187 Umea, Sweden. : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 136:4, s. 611-619
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated the effect of different densities of the burrowing deposit-feeding amphipod Monoporeia affinis on the potential for recruitment of zooplankton from benthic resting eggs. Hatching of resting eggs was induced in the laboratory on sliced and resuspended 1-cm depth-sections of sediment cores, collected at six stations ill an archipelago area of the Gulf of Bothnia, Baltic Sea. The uppermost 5 cm of the sediment was studied. The most common species that hatched was Eurytemor affinis (Copepoda). Individuals from another copepod genus, Acartia, hatched in significant numbers only in the cores from two stations with low amphipod abundance. Cores from stations with high amphipod densities showed a deeper distribution of emerging E. affinis nauplii compared with stations with few amphipods: the oxidised sediment layer was also deeper at high M. affinis densities than at low. Total (0 to 5 cm strata pooled) number of hatched E. affinis nauplii was independent of amphipod density. This indicates that the effect of M. affinis on E. affinis eggs involves deeper burial due to bioturbation, rather than predation. Decreased benthic recruitment of zooplankton at localities with high M. affinis density is suggested, since more deeply positioned eggs are less likely to hatch. When hatching was induced in intact, non-sliced cores from one station, the number of E. affinis nauplii that hatched was on average 43% of the number that hatched in the upper centimetre of the sliced cores from the same station. This fraction (43%), if applied to the other stations, implied a potential for benthic recruitment of up to 80000 ind m(-2) for E. affinis. Due to its high abundance, M. affinis is likely to greatly reduce benthic recruitment of zooplankton in this system.
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| 6. |
- Albertsson, Jan, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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Deposit-feeding amphipods (Monoporeia affinis) reduce the recruitment of copepod nauplii from benthic resting eggs in the northern Baltic Sea
- 2001
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Ingår i: Marine Biology. - Umea Univ, Dept Ecol & Environm Sci, S-90187 Umea, Sweden. Umea Univ, Umea Marine Sci Ctr, S-90187 Umea, Sweden. : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 138:4, s. 793-801
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We experimentally investigated the effect of different densities of the burrowing, deposit-feeding amphipod Monoporeia affinis on the recruitment of zooplankton from benthic resting eggs. Intact sediment cores with in situ density and species composition of zooplankton resting eggs and benthic fauna were collected in the northern Bothnian Sea, part of the Baltic Sea. We removed as many M, affinis as possible from the cores and then added different numbers of ill. affinis to the cores to generate a range of densities. The cores were exposed to different densities of M. affinis for either 3 or 40 days, after which the hatched zooplankton was registered. One subset of the cores were initially incubated under low temperature (2-3 degreesC, to prevent hatching) for 37 days (the resting phase), to allow for effects of M. affinis on unhatched resting eggs. These cores were then incubated under higher temperature (13 degreesC) for 3 days (the hatching phase), to induce hatching and allow for effects on hatching or hatched specimens. In a second subset of cores with the same time and temperature schedule, the M. affinis density was experimentally reduced at the start of the hatching phase, to evaluate the effect of M. affinis during the hatching phase. To a third subset of cores, we immediately initiated the hatching phase, without an experimental resting phase, to evaluate the effects induced during the resting phase. The most common zooplankton species that hatched was Eurytemora affinis (Copepoda), followed by Bosmina longispina maritima (Cladocera). In all cores that were subjected to a resting phase, the numbers of hatched E. affinis were log-linearly negatively related to density of M. affinis. An increase of M. affinis density from 1,000 to 5,000 individuals m(-2), normal field densities, reduced the hatching by 60-70%. The negative impact was mainly exerted during the hatching phase, suggesting predation on, burial of or physical injury of hatching nauplii or eggs in a late development stage as likely mechanisms. Also, the number of B. longispina maritima that hatched was reduced by M. affinis during the hatching phase, but no clear relation to density of M. affinis could be identified. The results show that M. affinis can reduce recruitment to zooplankton from benthic resting eggs. Such impact by the benthos on resting stages of zooplankton is therefore a potentially significant link between the benthic and pelagic systems.
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| 7. |
- Gyllström, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Bioturbation as Driver of Zooplankton Recruitment, Biodiversity and Community Composition in Aquatic Ecosystems
- 2008
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Ingår i: Ecosystems. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-9840 .- 1435-0629. ; 11:7, s. 1120-1132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an experimental study we assessed if benthic bioturbating invertebrates affect the recruitment (hatching) of zooplankton from the sediment, and if this effect persists as differences in the zooplankton community in the water column, that is, if bioturbation quantitatively stimulates benthic-pelagic coupling. We investigated the effects of four different benthic invertebrates (Asellus aquaticus, Chironomus plumosus, Tubifex tubifex in the presence or absence of the predator Sialis lutaria). In total, 45 zooplankton taxa hatched from the sediment and the hatching success of some of these was dependent on the species identity of the bioturbating invertebrate. The predator Sialis reduced the abundance of all three invertebrate species, but tended to positively influence the zooplankton recruitment rates, possibly through increasing the activity of the bioturbating invertebrates. The most striking effect of bioturbation on the hatching and pelagic zooplankton community properties was that, on average, 11% more species hatched in the Asellus treatment than in any other treatment. This was also mirrored in the zooplankton water column community where, on average, 7% more species established a viable population in treatments with Asellus as bioturbator. In a complementary field survey, Asellus was more common in littoral than in profundal sediments. Because Asellus strongly affected recruitment of zooplankton in our experiment, we argue that bioturbation may partly explain why recruitment of resting stages of both phyto- and zooplankton is generally higher in littoral than in profundal areas.
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| 8. |
- Gunnarsson, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Food limits survival of breeding boreal mallards Anas platyrhynchos
- 2003
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the breeding period dabbling ducks (Anas sp.), and especially newly hatched ducklings, face heavy mortality. The reasons are not clear, but suggested factors contributing are scarce food, predation, chilling and disease. We highlighted the question why many of the boreal lakes in Scandinavia are without breeding ducks and why mortality is considerable during brood period. In an experimental study in 2002 we hypothesized food being a major factor deciding duck survival during breeding. One wing-clipped hen mallard with her own newly hatched brood (10 ducklings) was introduced onto each of 10 lakes. Food was added ad libitum at 5 of these lakes (experimental lakes), whereas the other five lakes (controls) did not get any extra food added. Survival of hens, broods as well as each individual duckling was monitored regularly until 24 days after introduction. At all three levels (i.e. duckling, brood and adult), survival was significantly higher on lakes with food added than on control lakes, although the difference was most pronounced on the duckling level. Direct consequences (i.e. dying from starvation) as well as indirect (e.g. undernourished individuals being more easily taken by predators) may both explain this pattern. Our results clearly show that food is a major limiting factor on mallard survival in this environment. Also, our results may explain why many boreal lakes in Scandinavia do not have any breeding waterfowl at all. It seems likely that such lakes are too poor to raise broods and even to sustain adults.
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| 9. |
- Gunnarsson, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Food limits survival of breeding boreal mallards Anas platyrhynchos
- 2003
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- During the breeding period dabbling ducks (Anas sp.), and especially newly hatched ducklings, face heavy mortality. The reasons are not clear, but suggested factors contributing are scarce food, predation, chilling and disease. We highlighted the question why many of the boreal lakes in Scandinavia are without breeding ducks and why mortality is considerable during brood period. In an experimental study in 2002 we hypothesized food being a major factor deciding duck survival during breeding. One wing-clipped hen mallard with her own newly hatched brood (10 ducklings) was introduced onto each of 10 lakes. Food was added ad libitum at 5 of these lakes (experimental lakes), whereas the other five lakes (controls) did not get any extra food added. Survival of hens, broods as well as each individual duckling was monitored regularly until 24 days after introduction. At all three levels (i.e. duckling, brood and adult), survival was significantly higher on lakes with food added than on control lakes, although the difference was most pronounced on the duckling level. Direct consequences (i.e. dying from starvation) as well as indirect (e.g. undernourished individuals being more easily taken by predators) may both explain this pattern. Our results clearly show that food is a major limiting factor on mallard survival in this environment. Also, our results may explain why many boreal lakes in Scandinavia do not have any breeding waterfowl at all. It seems likely that such lakes are too poor to raise broods and even to sustain adults.
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| 10. |
- Deng, R., et al.
(författare)
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Surface morphology, structural and optical properties of polar and non-polar ZnO thin films : A comparative study
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Crystal Growth. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-0248. ; 311:19, s. 4398-4401
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The polar and non-polar ZnO thin films were fabricated on cubic MgO (1 1 1) and (0 0 1) substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Based on X-ray diffraction analysis, the ZnO thin films grown on MgO (1 1 1) and (1 0 0) substrates exhibit the polar c-plane and non-polar m-plane orientation, respectively. Comparing with the c-plane ZnO film, the non-polar m-plane ZnO film shows cross-hatched stripes-like morphology, lower surface roughness and slower growth rate. However, low-temperature photoluminescence measurement indicates the m-plane ZnO film has a stronger 3.31 eV emission, which is considered to be related to stacking faults. Meanwhile, stronger band tails absorbance of the m-plane ZnO film is observed in optical absorption spectrum.
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