| 1. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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How Much Do We Care About Absolute Versus Relative Income and Consumption?
- 2001
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We find, using survey-experimental methods, that most individuals are concerned with both relative income and relative consumption of particular goods. The degree of concern varies in the expected direction depending on the properties of the good. However, contrary to what has been suggested in the previous literature, we find that relative consumption is also important for vacation and insurance, which are typically seen as non-positional goods. Further, absolute consumption is also found to be important for cars and housing, which are widely regarded as highly positional. Implications for Pareto-efficient taxation are illustrated using the results from the experiment.
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| 2. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Policy Implications and Analysis of the Determinants of Travel Mode Choice: An Application of Choice Experiments to Metropolitan Costa Rica
- 2001
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper we study a group of policies aimed at discouraging the use of private transportation during peak hours, both directly and indirectly, by increasing the attractiveness of the only available substitute, the bus. This is done using a choice experiment constructed to find the answer to the following basic question: Given fixed house-to-work structures and no working hour flexibility, by how much is the choice of travel mode for commuters to work sensitive to changes in travel time, changes in costs for each mode and other service attributes? This information is then used to identify the most suitable combination of policies dealing with air pollution and congestion in the typical developing country context of metropolitan Costa Rica. We also provide estimates of the value of travel time as a measure of the potential benefits gained from reduced congestion.
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| 3. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Using Choice Experiments for Non-Market Valuation
- 2001
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper provides the latest research developments in the method of choice experiments applied to valuation of non-market goods. Choice experiments, along with the, by now, well-known contingent valuation method, are very important tools for valuing non-market goods and the results are used in both cost-benefit analyses and litigations related to damage assessments. The paper should provide the reader with both the means to carry out a choice experiment and to conduct a detailed critical analysis of its performance in order to give informed advice about the results. A discussion of the underlying economic model of choice experiments is incorporated, as well as a presentation of econometric models consistent with economic theory. Furthermore, a detailed discussion on the development of a choice experiment is provided, which in particular focuses on the design of the experiment and tests of validity. Finally, a discussion on different ways to calculate welfare effects is presented.
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| 4. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Are people inequality averse or just risk averse?
- 2001
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Individuals' preferences for risk and inequality are measured through experimental choices between hypothetical societies and lotteries. The median relative risk aversion, which is often seen to reflect social inequality aversion, is between 2 and 3. We also estimate the individual inequality aversion, reflecting individuals' willingness to pay for living in a more equal society.Left-wing voters and women are both more risk- and inequality averse than others. The model allows for non-monotonic SWFs, implying that welfare may decrease with an individual's income at high income levels. This is illustrated in simulations based on the empirical results.
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| 5. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Economic Freedom and Growth:Decomposing the Effects
- 2001
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Most studies of the relation between economic freedom and growth of GDP have found a positive relation. One problem in this area is the choice of economic freedom measure. A single measure does notreflect the complex economic environment and a highly aggregated index makes it difficult to draw policy conclusions. In this paper we investigate what specific types of economic freedom measures that are important for growth. The robustness of the results is carefully analysed since the potential problem with multicollinearity is one of the negative effects of decomposing an index. The results show that economic freedom does matter for growth. This does not mean that increasing economic freedom, definedin general terms, is good for economic growth since some of the categories in the index are insignificant and some of the significant variables have negative effects.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Daruvala, Dinky, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring hypothetical grandparents preferences for quality and relative standings
- 2001
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Individuals' aversion to risk and inequality, and their concern for relative standing, are measured through experimental choices between hypothetical societies. It is found that on average individuals are both fairly inequality-averse and have a strong concern for relative income. The results are used to illustrate welfare consequences based on a utilitarian SWF and a modified CRRA utility function. It is shown that the social marginal utility of income may then become negative, even at income levels that are far from extreme.
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| 8. |
- Hammar, Henrik, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Smokers decisions to quit smoking
- 2001
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We investigate the effectiveness of different smoking policies on the decision to quit smoking using a choice experiment on a sample of habitual smokers. Our results indicate that restricted availability, increased cigarette prices, cessation subsidies and regulations at restaurants, bars and cafés increase the probability of smoking cessation. Regulations at work places do not seem to have any effect. The results also show the significant role of limited self-control; smokers who have the intent to quit smoking are more likely to quit smoking if a stricter regulation is implemented. Furthermore, smokers who have received advice from their children to quit smoking or who perceive the health risks as considerable, are more likely to quit smoking.
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