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- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968
(author)
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Airport Marginal Cost Pricing: Discussion and an Application to Swedish Airports
- 2002
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- We derive an optimal airport-pricing model, both with and without a constraint on the revenues, that includes all relevant external marginal costs,. Given the results of the model we discuss the implications on the profit of airports, and find that given that the proceeds of the environmental charges are seen as revenue for the airport, it is not obvious that a marginal cost-pricing scheme would result in financial deficits for the airports, this despite the reasonable assumption of increasing returns to scale in airport capacity. Using relatively crude estimates of the marginal costs, we compare the current pricing scheme with a marginal cost pricing scheme. We find that the effect on revenues of moving towards a marginal cost pricing scheme may not be so dramatic; especially not if the marginal external costs include estimated marginal costs of CO2 emissions.
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| 2. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(author)
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Choosing from Behind a Veil of Ignorance in India
- 2002
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Social inequality aversion is measured through a veil-of-ignorance experiment with Indian students. The median relative risk aversion is found to be quite high, about 3, and independent caste.
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| 6. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(author)
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Is Transport Safety More Valuable in the Air?
- 2002
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Using a contingent valuation survey, people?s willingness to pay for a given risk reduction is found to be much larger when traveling by air compared to by taxi. Follow-up questions revealed that an important reason for this discrepancy is that many experience a higher mental suffering from flying, and that they are willing to pay to reduce this suffering. It was also consistently found that people are willing to pay more for a certain risk reduction if the original price was higher. Policy implications are discussed.
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| 7. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968
(author)
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Price and Frequency Choice under Monopoly and Competition in Aviation Markets
- 2002
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Using data on 172 city-pair markets in eight European countries, we investigate the effect of the market structure on airlines choices of frequency and prices. Applying an address model, we show that equilibrium prices depend on passengers value of time, marginal flight costs and the aggregate number of flights. Furthermore, we show that under monopoly the equilibrium price is higher and the aggregate frequency is lower than under competition. The estimations show that market structure does not have any effect on Economy class ticket prices. However, market structure does have an effect on Business class ticket prices. The effects are in the expected direction: increased market concentration and decreased number of airlines results in increased ticket prices. Further, we find that applying the Herfindahl index as a measure of market concentration is restrictive and that the index instead should be decomposed. However, comparing the equilibrium price between monopoly and competitive routes we can reject the hypothesis of differences in equilibrium price. Regarding frequency choice, market structure again has a significant impact on the equilibrium prices, and the effects are as expected: decreased market concentration and an increased number of airlines results in increased aggregate frequencies. In the case of frequency we can reject the hypothesis that the aggregate frequency is the same under monopoly as it is under competition; the aggregate frequency under monopoly is found to be much lower.
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| 8. |
- Johansson-Stenman, Olof, 1966, et al.
(author)
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Costs and Benefits of Electric Vehicles - A 2010 Perspective
- 2002
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This paper undertakes a social cost-benefit analysis regarding an increase in the number of electric vehicles in the Swedish transport sector by year 2010. Battery cars are generally found to be socially unprofitable, even though their private life-cycle costs and external costs are lower than those of petrol cars. One important reason for this is that electric vehicles are heavily subsidised' by having, in comparison with taxes on fossil fuel, a very low electricity tax. Hybrid' cars are more likely to be socially profitable, especially for city-based delivery trucks, which may be both privately and socially profitable without subsidies.
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