| 1. |
- Anker, M., et al.
(författare)
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Aging of whey protein films and the effect on mechanical and barrier properties
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0021-8561 .- 1520-5118. ; 49:2, s. 989-995
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work focuses on the aging of whey protein isolate (WPI) films plasticized with glycerol (G) and sorbitol (S). The films were cast from heated aqueous solutions at pH 7 and dried at 23 °C and 50% relative humidity (RH) for 16 h. They were stored in a climate room (23 °C, 50% RH) for 120 days, and the film properties were measured at regular intervals. The moisture content (MC) of the WPI/G films decreased from 22% (2 days) to 15% (45 days) and was thereafter constant at 15% (up to 120 days). This affected the mechanical properties and caused an increased stress at break (from 2.7 to 8.3 MPa), a decreased strain at break (from 33 to 4%), and an increased glass transition temperature (T g) (from -56 to -45 °C). The barrier properties were, however, unaffected, with constant water vapor permeability and a uniform film thickness. The MC of the WPI/S films was constant at ?9%, which gave no change in film properties.
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| 2. |
- Anker, M., et al.
(författare)
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Improved water vapor barrier of whey protein films by addition of an acetylated monoglyceride
- 2002
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Ingår i: Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies. - 1466-8564 .- 1878-5522. ; 3:1, s. 81-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aimed to determine to what extent the water-vapor barrier of whey protein isolate (WPI) films could be improved by adding a lipid and make laminate and emulsion films. The laminate whey protein-lipid film decreased the water vapor permeability (WVP) 70 times compared with the WPI film. The WVP of the emulsion films was half the value of the WPI film and was not affected by changes in lipid concentration, whereas an increased homogenization led to a slight reduction in WVP. The mechanical properties showed that the lipid functioned as an apparent plasticizer by enhancing the fracture properties of the emulsion films. This effect increased with homogenization. The maximum strain at break was 117% compared with 50% for the less-homogenized emulsion films and 20% for the pure WPI films. Phase-separated emulsion films were produced with a concentration gradient of fat through the films, but pure bilayer films were not formed. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Anker, M., et al.
(författare)
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Relationship between the microstructure and the mechanical and barrier properties of whey protein films
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0021-8561 .- 1520-5118. ; 48:9, s. 3806-3816
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work was focused on the relationship between the microstructure and the mechanical and barrier properties of whey protein isolate (WPI) films. Sorbitol (S) and glycerol (G) were used as plasticizers and the pH was varied between 7 and 9. The films were cast from heated aqueous solutions and dried in a climate room at 23 °C and 50% relative humidity for 16 h. The microstructure of the films was found to be dependent on the concentration, the plasticizers, and the pH. When the concentration increased, a more aggregated structure was formed, with a denser protein network and larger pores. This resulted in increased water vapor permeability (WVP) and decreased oxygen permeability (OP). When G was used as a plasticizer instead of S, the microstructure was different, and the moisture content and WVP approximately doubled. When the pH increased from 7 to 9, a denser protein structure was formed, the strain at break increased, and the OP decreased.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Hamberg, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Aggregation, viscosity measurements and direct observation of protein coated latex particles under shear
- 2001
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Ingår i: Food Hydrocolloids. - 0268-005X .- 1873-7137. ; 15:2, s. 139-151
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aggregation under shear, of latex particles coated with whey protein isolate was monitored, in a continuous phase with a complex behaviour in relation to temperature dependence and shear thinning. The monitoring was done with viscosity measurements and microscopy. An aggregating dispersion of whey coated polystyrene latex particles, salt, sucrose and gelatine was sheared in a rheometer at shear rates between 0.05 and 5 s-1. The viscosity was monitored as a function of time during a temperature increase from 30 to 60°C. The viscosity curves were interpreted with the aid of additional information from light microscopy micrographs. The aggregation was clearly visible as an increase in viscosity. Aggregation was observed to initiate at a temperature between 40 and 50°C. Unbound protein, i.e. protein not a part of particle coating, was found to be essential for the aggregation of latex particles. After aggregation, a shear thinning behaviour was detected. This was due to two phenomena: structural changes of the aggregates and shear thinning behaviour of the dispersion. The build-up of the aggregates was followed by direct observation in a confocal laser scanning microscope. A sequence of micrographs was taken, in an unstopped 3-D flow field generated in a four-roll mill, which showed the evolution of the size of the aggregates. The micrographs were in good agreement with the viscosity measurements. This showed that the four-roll mill and a confocal laser scanning microscope is a useful tool for studying aggregation in an undisturbed 3-D flow. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.
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| 6. |
- Hamberg, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Shapes and shaping of biopolymer drops in a hyperbolic flow
- 2003
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Ingår i: Food Hydrocolloids. - 0268-005X .- 1873-7137. ; 17:5, s. 641-652
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The shaping of drops in a model system based on ? -carrageenan-emulsion drops in the millimetre range in silicon oil has been studied. The drops were shaped by exposing them to drag forces in a hyperbolic flow, while their shape was fixed simultaneously by introducing gel formation of the biopolymer in the drop. The shape and the shaping process were studied and evaluated with image analysis of macrograph sequences of the shaping. The effect of process conditions, flow speed and cooling temperature on the final shape and shape progress was investigated as well as the effect of different ?-carrageenan drop characteristics, such as drop viscosity and gel strength. Drop viscosity was altered by addition of locust bean gum, LBG, and the gel strength was altered by addition of ions. The ?-carrageenan solutions in the drop were characterised by rheological investigations. With the same type of flow, different shapes could be achieved with small process changes and with high reproducibility. The fixation of the characteristic drop features, perimeter, area, Feret's X and Y, does not occur at the same time and position. For the different process parameters investigated, a change in speed affected the process in a similar way to a change in the viscosity ratio. This applies if the viscosity ratio is changed at a constant temperature, but if the change in the viscosity ratio is temperature-induced, the effect is different. The final shape of the produced drops could be graded into three classes, correlated to the position in the flow field where the drops were fixed. A shape map of the different drop shapes obtained was presented. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Hamberg, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Shaping of gelling biopolymer drops in an elongation flow
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-9797 .- 1095-7103. ; 252:2, s. 297-308
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Shaping, defined as deformation in combination with gel formation of gelatine and ?-carrageenan drops in an elongation flow, was studied. The focus was to investigate the possibility of shaping and fixating small drops in the diameter range 20 to 229 ?m. In the shaping progress and the influence of experimental properties, the viscosity, temperature, and flow of the deforming fluid were examined on the final drop shape. In the experiments a hot emulsion of an aqueous biopolymer solution in silicone oil was injected into cold silicone oil where a deforming elongation flow field existed. After injection, a temperature decrease in the drops resulted in a gel formation of the biopolymer and a fixation of the deformed drop in the flow. The shape was measured and the effect on the drop aspect ratio was determined by image analysis. Over the total drop diameter range, ?-carrageenan was more ellipsoid-shaped than gelatine, with a maximum aspect ratio of 6 compared to 4 for gelatine. For small drops, around 22 ?m, it is possible to shape ?-carrageenan, but for gelatine small drops tend to be unaffected. An increase in viscosity, temperature, and flow resulted in an increase in the final fixated shape of the drops. The differences in drop deformation between the biopolymers were explained by drop-viscosity/oil differences and differences in the kinetics of gel formation. The different gel formation kinetics resulted in a short, well-defined, shaping process for ?-carrageenan, while for gelatine the process was more complex, with both deformation and relaxation present at different stages. © 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Lofgren, C., et al.
(författare)
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Microstructure and rheological behavior of pure and mixed pectin gels
- 2002
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Ingår i: Biomacromolecules. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1525-7797 .- 1526-4602. ; 3:6, s. 1144-1153
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The microstructure and the rheological properties of pure HM (high methoxyl) and LM (low methoxyl) pectin gels and of mixed HM/LM pectin gels have been investigated. Gel formation of either the HM or LM pectin, or both, was initiated in the mixed gels by varying the sucrose and Ca 2+ content. The microstructure was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, light microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. HM and LM pectin gels showed aggregated networks with large pores around 500 nm and network strands of similar character. Small differences could be found, such as a more inhomogeneous LM pectin network with shorter and more branched strands of flexible appearance. LM pectin also formed a weak gel in 60% sucrose in the absence of calcium. A highly inhomogeneous mixed gel structure was formed in the presence of 60% sucrose and Ca 2+ ions, which showed large synergistic effects in rheological properties. Its formation was explained by the behavior of the corresponding pure gels. In the presence of 60% sucrose alone, a homogeneous, fine-stranded mixed network was formed, which showed weak synergistic effects. It is suggested that LM pectin interacts with HM pectin during gel formation, thereby hindering secondary aggregation leading to the aggregated networks observed for the pure gels.
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