| 1. |
- Dahl, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Old and very old adults as witnesses: event memory and metamemory
- 2015
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Ingår i: Psychology, Crime and Law. - 1477-2744 .- 1068-316X. ; 21:8, s. 764-775
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Older people constitute an important category of eyewitnesses. Episodic memory performance in older persons is poorer than in younger adults, but little research has been made on older persons' metacognitive judgments. Since more persons of advanced age will likely be called upon as witnesses in coming years, it is critical to characterize this population's metacognitive abilities. We compared event memory metacognition in old adults (66-year-old, n = 74) to very old adults (87 or 90 years old, n = 55). Participants were tested on their memory of a film, using questions with two answer alternatives and the confidence in their answer. As expected, the very old group had a lower accuracy rate than the old group (d = 0.59). The very old group, however, monitored this impairment, since their over-/underconfidence and calibration did not differ from the old group but they displayed a poorer ability to separate correct from incorrect answers (discrimination ability). Possibly, the very old group was able to monitor the level of their over-/underconfidence because they applied general self-knowledge about their memory skills. In contrast, the discrimination of correct from incorrect answers may be more dependent on ability to attend to the features of each retrieved memory.
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| 2. |
- Kajonius, Petri, 1974-
(författare)
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An Inquiry into Satisfaction and Variations in User-Oriented Elderly Care
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The foundation for this thesis is an ongoing discussion about quality in Swedish elderly care: Which are the most important factors that contribute to elderly care in terms of satisfaction among older persons, and what are the primary reasons for their differences? Aims. The principal aim was to examine what determines satisfaction with elderly care in home care and nursing homes, using the perspective of older persons (Studies I and II). The secondary aim was to analyze why these determinants differ, using the perspective of care workers, managers, and observers (Studies III and IV). Methods. Study I analyzed aggregated statistical data from the level of municipalities and districts (N = 324) based on the Swedish elderly care quality reports “Open Comparisons”, while Study II analyzed individual data based on the original ratings in the annual, nationwide elderly surveys (N = 95,000). Study III describes field observations and interviews with care workers and managers in two municipalities, one with a high rating for user satisfaction and one with an average rating. Study IV describes investigations in these two municipalities concerning their organizing principles and departmental level management climate. Results. The results relating to the principal aim showed that process factors (such as respect, information, and influence) are related considerably more closely than structural factors (such as budget, staffing levels, and training levels) to satisfaction with care. Other process factors (such as treatment, safeness, staff and time availability) were also able to alleviate person factors (such as health, anxiety, and loneliness). Moreover, the results relating to the secondary aim showed that differences in user-oriented elderly care are mainly due to interpersonal factors between the caregiver and the older person. Care workers, however, reported that other factors (such as organizing principles and leadership support) influence the quality of the care process. Overall, older persons who receive home care generally report higher satisfaction with care than those in nursing homes, and feeling less safe. It is possible that differences in the process of aging explain this. Value. This thesis shows that satisfaction with elderly care can be largely explained by psychological quality at the individual level. The sizes of structural resources and organizing principles at the municipal level have minimal effect (< 5%). The thesis also presents a theoretical multiple-level Quality Agents Model to explain the sources of differences in satisfaction with care, and it presents recommendations for elderly care practices. A renewed focus on the psychology of satisfaction may contribute to the development of quality in elderly care.
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| 3. |
- Vlaescu, George, et al.
(författare)
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An E-Platform for Rehabilitation of Persons With Hearing Problems
- 2015
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Ingår i: American Journal of Audiology. - : AMER SPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOC. - 1059-0889 .- 1558-9137. ; 24:3, s. 271-275
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: The aim of this research forum article was to describe a feasible web-based solution for improving the quality of life of persons with hearing problems, such as hearing loss or tinnitus. The online platform was developed at the Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning at Linköping University, Sweden, and has been running for a number of years and used in numerous studies and treatments. Method: The security aspects of the platform as well as the process flow for running a study or treatment are described, focusing primarily on the technical and practical considerations. Also presented are the design characteristics and the main features and functions available in the platform. Results: We point out the many advantages of running Internet-assisted intervention treatments, the challenges that we have faced, and some intended developments. Many of our research colleagues, both from Sweden and other countries, have already implemented or intend to implement their own studies on this platform. Conclusions: Audiological rehabilitation can be delivered via the Internet using a stable online platform. Security and usability are important factors to have in mind for the design as well as adaptability to the patients. A next development step is to implement and test blended treatments using video conferencing inside the platform.
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| 4. |
- Weineland, Sandra Mikaela, et al.
(författare)
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Bridging the Gap Between Hearing Screening and Successful Rehabilitation : Research Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial of Motivational Interviewing via Internet
- 2015
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Ingår i: American Journal of Audiology. - : American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. - 1059-0889 .- 1558-9137. ; 24:3, s. 302-306
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Studies point to low help-seeking after a failed hearing screening. This research forum article presents the research protocol for a randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing via the Internet to promote help-seeking in people who have failed an online hearing screening. Method: Adults who fail a Swedish online hearing screening, including a speech-in-noise recognition test, will be randomized to either an intervention group (participating in motivational interviewing) or an active control group (reading a book on history of hearing aids). Both of the conditions will be delivered via the Internet. The primary outcome is experience with seeking health care and using hearing aids 9 months after the intervention. Secondary outcomes are changes in before and after measures of self-reported hearing difficulties, anxiety, depression, and quality of life. Stages of change and self-efficacy in hearing help-seeking are measured immediately after intervention and at a 9-month follow-up for the purpose of mediation analysis. Results: The results of this randomized controlled trial may help bridge the gap between hearing screening and successful hearing rehabilitation. Conclusion: Although no large instantaneous benefits are expected, a slow change toward healthy behaviors—seeking health care and using hearing aids—would shed light on how to use the Internet to assist people with hearing impairment.
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| 5. |
- Eib, Constanze, et al.
(författare)
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Don't Let It Get to You! A Moderated Mediated Approach to the (In)Justice-Health Relationship
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1076-8998 .- 1939-1307. ; 20:4, s. 434-445
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study investigates the consequences of overall justice perceptions on employees' mental health and work-family conflict. While many studies have found that perceiving injustice at work is harmful, little is known about the underlying processes. Based on the allostatic load model, it is hypothesized that mental preoccupation with work, defined as a cognitive state, is a mediator linking overall justice perceptions to employee health. Moreover, we argue that locus of control is a moderator for the mediated relationship. We tested our hypotheses with panel data consisting of 412 Swedish office workers. Results support that mental preoccupation with work mediates the relationship between overall justice and mental health, and overall justice and work-family conflict. Results also reveal that mental preoccupation with work plays a greater mediating role for individuals with an external locus of control. Implications and suggestions for future studies on the emerging relationship between organizational justice and health are discussed.
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| 6. |
- Lornudd, Caroline, et al.
(författare)
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The mediating role of demand and control in the relationship between leadership behaviour and employee distress : a cross-sectional study
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Nursing Studies. - : Elsevier BV. - 0020-7489 .- 1873-491X. ; 52:2, s. 543-554
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The relationship between leadership and employee distress is well established, however, the processes involved in this relationship remain largely unclear. For a stretched nursing workforce, understanding in what ways leadership may influence employee distress is particularly important.Objectives: To examine possible mediating effects of the work environment factors demand and control in the relationship between leadership behaviour in change, production, and employee orientation and employee distress.Design: Cross-sectional study design.Settings: The study was conducted at a large county council in Sweden providing both institutional and non-institutional care.Participants: A random sample of 1249 employees (primarily nurses, but also a wide range of other healthcare professionals and administrative staff), who had a healthcare manager that was about to enter a leadership development programme (n = 171), responded to a web-based questionnaire. The response rate was 62%.Methods: The employees rated their healthcare managers’ behaviour in change, production, and employee orientation, as well as their own perceptions of level of demand, control (subdivided into decision authority and skill discretion), and five distress outcomes. Multilevel analysis was performed.Results: The mediators demand, decision authority, and skill discretion were significant predictors of all five distress outcomes for all three leadership orientations. In eight of 15 regressions, the mediators fully explained the relationships between leadership orientations and outcomes. Four of five relationships with distress outcomes were fully mediated for change-oriented leadership, whereas two of five outcomes were fully mediated for production- and employee-oriented leadership. In all three leadership orientations, the relationship between the mediator skill discretion and the distress measure disengagement were particularly strong, with B-coefficients (−.44, p < .001) twice as high as for any of the other relationships.Conclusions: It seems that the way that employees perceive healthcare managers’ change-oriented behaviour, and how that aspect is related to employee distress, is primarily explained by perception of demand and control. Furthermore, regardless of leadership behaviour orientation, how employees perceive their opportunity to use specific job skills plays an important role in the interplay between perception of healthcare managers’ behaviour and disengagement.
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| 7. |
- Carlsson, Rickard, et al.
(författare)
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Backlash and hiring : A field experiment on agency, communion, and gender
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gender stereotypes describe women as communal and men asagentic. Laboratory based research (Rudman & Glick 1999; 2001)suggests that trying to disconfirm such descriptive genderstereotypes (e.g., women self-promoting their agency), entails therisk of hiring discrimination due to violation of prescriptive genderstereotypes: a backlash. To examine whether backlash occurs whenapplying for real jobs, we conducted a field experiment. Gender,agency and communion were manipulated in the personal profile of5,562 applications sent to 3,342 job openings on the Swedish labormarket. The dependent variable was whether the applicationresulted in an invitation to a job interview or not. The results do notoffer any support for the backlash hypothesis at this stage in therecruitment process.
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| 8. |
- Hägerhäll, Caroline, et al.
(författare)
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Human physiological benefits of viewing nature: EEG responses to exact and statistical fractal patterns.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences. - 1090-0578. ; 19:1, s. 1-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Psychological and physiological benefits of viewing nature have been extensively studied for some time. More recently it has been suggested that some of these positive effects can be explained by nature's fractal properties. Virtually all studies on human responses to fractals have used stimuli that represent the specific form of fractal geometry found in nature, i.e. statistical fractals, as opposed to fractal patterns which repeat exactly at different scales. This raises the question of whether human responses like preference and relaxation are being driven by fractal geometry in general or by the specific form of fractal geometry found in nature. In this study we consider both types of fractals (statistical and exact) and morph one type into the other. Based on the Koch curve, nine visual stimuli were produced in which curves of three different fractal dimensions evolve gradually from an exact to a statistical fractal. The patterns were shown for one minute each to thirty-five subjects while qEEG was continuously recorded. The results showed that the responses to statistical and exact fractals differ, and that the natural form of the fractal is important for inducing alpha responses, an indicator of a wakefully relaxed state and internalized attention.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Chan, Derwin, et al.
(författare)
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Response-Order Effects in Survey Methods : A Randomized Controlled Crossover Study in the Context of Sport Injury Prevention
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology (JSEP). - Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics. - 0895-2779 .- 1543-2904. ; 37:6, s. 666-673
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Consistency tendency is characterized by the propensity for participants responding to subsequent items in asurvey consistent with their responses to previous items. This method effect might contaminate the results ofsport psychology surveys using cross-sectional design. We present a randomized controlled crossover studyexamining the effect of consistency tendency on the motivational pathway (i.e., autonomy support → autonomousmotivation → intention) of self-determination theory in the context of sport injury prevention. Athletesfrom Sweden (N = 341) responded to the survey printed in either low interitem distance (IID; consistencytendency likely) or high IID (consistency tendency suppressed) on two separate occasions, with a one-weekinterim period. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups, and they received the survey of differentIID at each occasion. Bayesian structural equation modeling showed that low IID condition had strongerparameter estimates than high IID condition, but the differences were not statistically significant.
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