| 1. |
- Elzinga, Aant, 1937
(författare)
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The Science of Science in China: Report by a Specialist in Science Policy : An STS report from China 10-24 Sept 1980
- 1981
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Ingår i: Science, Technology, & Human Values. ; 6:35, s. 18-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Report of a two-week visit to China (10-24 Sept) in 1980, hosted by the Preparatory Committee of the Chinese Science of Science Association. At the time Chinese policy makers were interested in contemporary trends in research policy and foresight relating to priority setting in fields of science and technology. The paper describes initiatives taken to introduce what we call science and technology studies (STS) and ongoing efforts aimed at encouraging scholarly exchange with researchers in the West. Interviews were made with a number of senior scholars affiliated with the Chinese Social Sciences Academy to gain some understanding of the various changes taking place in science policy studies and the field’s relationship to policy makers at national and regional levels.
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| 2. |
- Fahlander, Olov
(författare)
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Hemligheten bakom datorgenererad musik
- 1980
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Föredraget kommer av utrymmesskäl att ganska summariskt behandla möjligheterna till musikalisk ljudsyntes med digitala metoder främst med tanke på ”personal computing”. Vissa utvikningar utöver detta är oundvikliga och föredraget har därför mer karaktären av översikt snarare än en mer detaljerad genomgång av speciella metoder. Några konkreta exempel på hårdvarulösningar har dock redovisats och därutöver hänvisas till ett antal referenser som för den intresserade kan ge en mer detaljerad förståelse .Föredraget är uppdelat på tre huvudgrupper: Klang syntes, interaktion och komposition, där det förstnämnda ges mest utrymme. Enligt min personliga uppfattning ligger dock dom intressanta spörsmålen inom det sistnämnda området och det är antagligen här de största in satserna i framtiden kommer att göras, när väl hårdvaruutvecklingen mognat tillräckligt.Det kan nämnas i detta sammanhang att forskningen inom områden som dessa för ett mycket tynande liv, trots att musikindustrin, framtidens stora avnämare för dess resultat, omsätter svindlande summor över hela världen . I Europa är det främst i Paris vid IRCAM som en satsning av betydelse sker. De amerikanska universiteten har annars svarat för den främsta utvecklingen. Detta områdes stora popularitet ]land hobbymänniskor bevisas av att det numera utkommer en specialtidskrift ”Computer music journal” med fyra nummer per år samt att artiklar inom området är mycket vanliga i hobbytidskrifter som ”Byte” och liknande.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Peter
(författare)
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Informationsteknologi i organisationer : bestämningsfaktorer och mönster
- 1989
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Researchers in this field have placed different emphasis on the structural constraints visa- vis the freedom of the actors. An awareness that IT is a social construction does not necessarily mean that some individual actor or actor entity can perform freely. An inflexible, tightly structured social situation can considerably limit the action space. Actors are hemmed in by "objective" circumstances, ie, a rather closely controlled situation established by other actors, and which is apparently unyielding in the face of technological decisions.By creating a perspective that addresses both structural and actor aspects, this study attempts a holistic understanding which will lay bare the probable dialectic process between the changeable and the nonchangeable. This aspiration to comprehend the whole, when viewed against the complex character of the subject, calls for an understanding oriented approach.The study at hand deals with the choice of information technology in organizations, with special focus on automatic data processing (ADP) for administrative purposes. Its main aim is to improve an understanding of factors that determine the choice of ADP technology in organizations.The empirical section of the work at hand consists of two case studies and an overview study. The case studies, which concern two extensive ADP projects, are emphasized. The purpose of these two projects was to raise the degree of computerization and to choose both a configuration and degree of uniformity. In both cases however the configuration turned out to be the most critical issue. One concerned the administration of social insurance in Sweden, Rationalisering av den allmänna försäkringens administration (Rationalization of the Swedish social insurance administration), hereafter called the RAFA project. The other case study, referred to here as the FFV study, deals with an administrative system for the manufacturing sector of the FFV Group The overview study, called the Norrköping study, deals mainly with the technological level and the ADP configuration in a wide spectrum of organizations. The level and the configuration are viewed against an overarching organizational structure, the worksite placement of qualified ADP staff, the line of business and the size of the firm. The study consists of an opinion poll and three delimited secondary studies.In the initial stage of each project, rational motives dominated. These were founded on cost and effect assessments and on developments in the field of computer science. From a structural viewpoint, investments in computers seemed self-evident; efficiency goals were paramount. However, an ADP undertaking entails not only rationalization in the conventional sense, it also brings to the ideational aspects inherent in the organization. While ADP technology was believed necessary, it became, in the preplanning and argumentation phase, a means of projecting socially determined concepts and goals. An ADP solution was sought which would combine the latest innovations in computer science with the dominant actors' organizational ideas.The dominant actors at FFV were for the most part newly appointed managers, imprinted with other organizational ideals and relationships than those characterizing FFV. The choice stood between a departure from company tradition by selecting a solution based on local minicomputers, or expanding the existing centralized main frame facility. The critics were specialists who had taken part in the design of the existing configuration. At FFV, the structural determinants had to be toned down in favor of the deliberate performance of the dominant actors. In the RAF A case, the opposite was true. The critics wanted a certain change of existing circumstances, while the dominant actors sought to preserve status quo and its underlying ideas. In the RAF A case, ADP thus became a cementing force rather than the catalyst.The Norrkoping study clearly indicates that the direction and size of an enterprise has primary importance for how much the computers are used. The ADP configuration appearance varies mainly with the organizational relationships. This is true for the placement of ADP staff and the overall structure of the organization. The main tendency is that the configuration reflects the relationships in an organization. This supports the view in the case studies that proximity to and control of the ADP has a major organizational value.
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| 5. |
- Faresjö, Tomas, 1954-
(författare)
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Social skiktning och ohälsa i Studien 1913 års män
- 1989
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main objective of this thesis is to elucidate the relationship between social stratification and a broad spectrum of health problems covering subjective ill-health, serious illness and mortality. Against the background of a social-epidemiological frame of reference, special attention is alsopaid to other social factors that are related to occupation and stratification and its effect on health.The empirical material used is data from the Study of Men Born in 1913, a clinical-epidemiological prospective population study that begun in 1963 with a sample of 50-year old men from the general population of Gothenburg, Sweden. These men have been followed up by repeated health-examinations and records. In the present study, which is a type of secondary analysis of the Gothenburg material, the men are followed between the ages of 50 and 71.In a modern welfare society such as that of Sweden, with comprehensive public health care, one should not expect to find any appreciable differences between the social strata with regard to ill-health. The study indicates that differences are most in evidence with regard to perceivedhealth and being on the sick-list. In both these respects the lower social strata are worse off then the higher. The differences concerning perceived ailments tend to even out after retirement. When it comes to serious illness and mortality there is a certain tendency of differences concerningmyocardial infarction and survival after it. The lower social strata appear to be rather more at risk than the higher, but apart from this the differences were small.Constituting a main group of social-epidemiological factors that are both conceptually and empirically related to social stratification arc various circumstances to do with occupation. It is evident from the study that such factors- which can be designated life-events and which comprise first and foremost unemployment, change of occupation and change in earnings- indicate increased risk of suffering myocardial infarction and death. There are also a number of connections between on the one hand various indicators of ill-health, and on the other hand social phenomena such as status incongruence and social mobility across the generations.Many of the social factors that are of interest from the social epidemiological point of view prove to be strongly intercorrelated and form very complex patterns. 1t is a challenge to sqcialepidemiologicalresearch (which in-many respects is still in its initial stage) to elucidate the complex connections between ill-health and various social conditions, life-style and physiological factors.
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| 6. |
- Sandström, Ulf, 1953-
(författare)
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Arkitektur och social ingenjörskonst : Studier i svensk arkitektur- och bostadsforskning
- 1989
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Artefacts are by definition artificial objects: human creations whose form and function are the result of planned actions. It would appear reasonable to assert that our attitude towards artefacts reveals specific sides of our personality and social organization. With this assertion we come close to the more general question: How to conceptualize the relation between people and technology? What can social studies of technology learn from the research field "Man and Architecture"?This thesis is divided into two parts. The first provides a presentation and analysis of Swedish research which deals with the social production of artefacts: in particular, research on the theory and history of architecture and town planning; building analysis and architectural psychology. It contains a historical survey reviewing research pertaining to the built environment. Each chapter in the first half of the thesis encompasses also a selective bibliography on Swedish housing research.The second part takes up the issue of how discussions of architecture as aesthetics and science could be complemented with analyses of architecture as technology and politics. The aim is to pursue an understanding of the history of architecture using theories of technology. Particular attention is paid to the notion of technological paradigmsand the constructivist approach to technological systems A mcxlel in whichthe technological paradigm is divided into four phases - the architect as hero, expert, bureaucrat and critic - is presented. This perspective on the history of Swedish architecture is developed through extended discussion of the expert and bureaucrat phases. In order to clarify the notion of technocracy the final chapter of the thesis engages in conceptual analysis on democratic and technocratic (technified) political processes. A non-technocratic mode of action is also referred to as "democmtic social engineering" which implies the reign of Weberian goal-rationality.
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| 7. |
- Fåk, Viiveke, et al.
(författare)
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Inslag av teknik i humanistisk universitetsutbildning : Ett försök, en utredning och ett förslag
- 1981
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sedan några år ger vi en kurs i Telekommunikationsteknikens utveckling för elever vid Kulturkommunikationslinjen vid Linköpings Universitet. Syftet med denna kurs var att ge även humaniorastuderande en grundläggande kunskap i för dem relevant teknik. Erfarenheterna av den kursen ledde oss till att. diskutera hur humanister skulle bibringas kunskap om teknik i allmänhet. Dessa diskussioner vidgades till den här rapporterade utredningen, där vi dels berättar om våra erfarenheter av den nämnda kursen, redogör för resultaten av en enkätundersökning bland eleverna som genomgått kursen och diskuterar vilka inslag av teknik som bör finnas i humanistisk universitetsutbildning och hur dessa inslag bör utformas. För den senare delen har vi också diskuterat med åtskilliga företrädare för utländska universitet, främst amerikanska, om deras erfarenhet av att undervisa i tekniska ämnen för humanister.
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