| 1. |
- Radetzki, Marcus, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Genes and Insurance. Ethical, Legal and Economic Issues
- 2003
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Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- The authors of this study emphasize the effectiveness of collectively funded public insurances as opposed to genetic information regulation within the private insurance sector. Genetics has provided tools to determine individuals' risk of future disease, which is of key interest for insurance companies in determining insurance premiums; but persons with high enough risk may remain uninsured. For this reason, genetic information has been regulated. But, regulation may not be the solution, according to the authors, and they call for the resumption of social insurance, a key element of the welfare state.The results are examined here of two key social developments in recent years: the partial dismantling of the welfare state and the progress of genetics. Genetic insights are becoming increasingly valuable for risk assessment, and insurers would like to use these insights to help determine premiums. Combined with the fact that social welfare is being curtailed, this could potentially create an uninsured high-risk population. Along with considerations of autonomy and privacy, this forms the basis for an ethical critique of insurers’ access to information. There has often been regulation of such information, but the authors argue that because of adverse selection regulation will not solve these problems and may jeopardise the survival of private personal insurance. Instead, we should look towards the resurrection of social insurance, a key component of the welfare state. This book will interest academic researchers and professionals involved with genetics and insurance.
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| 2. |
- Radetzki, Marcus, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Genes and insurance : Ethical, legal and economic issues
- 2003
-
Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- The authors of this study emphasize the effectiveness of collectively funded public insurances as opposed to genetic information regulation within the private insurance sector. Genetics has provided tools to determine individuals' risk of future disease, which is of key interest for insurance companies in determining insurance premiums; but persons with high enough risk may remain uninsured. For this reason, genetic information has been regulated. But, regulation may not be the solution, according to the authors, and they call for the resumption of social insurance, a key element of the welfare state.
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| 3. |
- Axelsson, Åsa B., 1955, et al.
(författare)
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How bystanders perceive their cardiopulmonary resuscitation intervention : a qualitative study
- 2000
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Ingår i: Resuscitation. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0300-9572 .- 1873-1570. ; 47:1, s. 71-81
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The importance of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) prior to arrival of the emergency medical service is well documented. In Sweden, CPR is initiated prior to emergency medical services (EMS) arrival in about 30% of cardiac arrests out-of-hospital, a figure which should be improved urgently. To do so, it is of interest to know more about the bystanders' perceptions of their intervention. A qualitative method inspired by the phenomenographic approach was applied to 19 bystanders who had performed CPR. In the analysis, five main categories and 14 subcategories emerged. The main categories were: to have a sense of humanity, to have competence, to feel an obligation, to have courage and to feel exposed. Interviews described how humanity and concern for another human being were the foundation of their intervention. CPR training offers the possibility to give appropriate help in this emergency. If the aim of CPR training was extended beyond teaching the skill of CPR to include preparation of the rescuer for the intervention and his/her reactions, this might increase the number of people able to take action in the cardiac arrest situation.
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| 4. |
- Nordgren, Stina, et al.
(författare)
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Patients' perceptions of self-determination as expressed in the context of care
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Advanced Nursing. - Oxford : Blackwell Scientific. - 0309-2402 .- 1365-2648. ; 35:1, s. 117-125
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim The aim of this study was to describe patients' perceptions of how self-determination finds expression in the context of care. Background Self-determination is an important concept within health care as well as an important patient right. New legislation on patient rights in Sweden and Europe is aimed at increased patient self-determination. Design and method Data were collected through semi-structured, tape-recorded interviews with 17 strategically chosen patients within somatic care and analysed using a method inspired by phenomenography. Results The analysis found three descriptive categories of the informants' perceptions: trusting, accepting and a feeling of powerlessness. The patients expressed a great sense of trust and confidence in the care provided and they accepted the health care procedures. At the same time, they expressed a feeling of powerlessness because of not being part of decision-making, as well as lacking knowledge and information about treatment strategies. The patients wished to have the right of more self-determination but lacked the strength and knowledge to be able to influence their own care. Conclusions Patients' perceptions of self-determination suggest that, in their encounters with the professional care, knowledge is expressed as power. The feeling of a lack of self-determination can be reduced by help and support from a nurse who allocates time for communication in order to learn the patient's needs and reach a mutual understanding.
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| 5. |
- Boström, Barbro, et al.
(författare)
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Pain and health-related quality of life among cancer patients in final stage of life : a comparison between two palliative care teams
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Nursing Management. - Chichester, West Sussex : Blackwell Publishing. - 0966-0429 .- 1365-2834. ; 11:3, s. 189-196
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A two-centred descriptive study was performed in order to describe and compare pain and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among cancer patients, in their final stage of life. The patients were cared for by either a nurse-led palliative care team I (PCT I) or a physician-led palliative care team II (PCT II). Forty-six consecutive, stratified patients (PCT I, n = 21 and PCT II, n = 25) participated. The medical outcomes study short form 36 (SF-36) was used for evaluating HRQOL and the Pain-O-Meter for assessing pain. Patients' pain intensity, pain quality and HRQOL showed no significant difference between the two groups PCT I and PCT II. The patients from PCT I had significantly longer survival time (P = 0.017) than those from PCT II. The different composition of the teams being led by nurses or physicians is worth further research; both from the patient's and staff's viewpoint, there may also be cost-benefits worth examining.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Bai, Guohua
(författare)
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A Sustainable Information System for e-home Services
- 2004
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- E-home related home-services (including homecare and home healthcare) in China is urgently needed. The population of aged people over 80 is increasing 5% every year in China, and to year 2050, one fourth of whole population or 0.4 billions people in China are aged staying at home. Meanwhile the government cannot afford with a national elderly care system like most western countries as Sweden. This is because China has had one-child/one-family policy since 1970’s, and this radical policy has made China step in aged society very quickly within only 20 years, while the same process took 40-80 years in western countries. Even worse, China becomes aged society when the country is still poor and under developing with GDP per capita less than 1000$, comparing to western countries with 5000 – 10000 $ when they became aged society. E-home provides China with a unique, and maybe the most effective solution to the problem. By applying effective IT&C at home, elder people are facilitated to manage their own daily life. If needed, they can always call help from their collective service centre that is located in their resident area and the collective service centre can provide with both homecare (cleaning, shopping, reparation, baby care etc.) and home healthcare (legitimate medical care). Elder people can be also monitored (if wished by all partners) both at home and out door by bearing sensors that can send singles directly to related care providers (including their children and relatives if wished). E-home will greatly increase the security of elder people, release great worry from both their children and elder people themselves, and can be afford by most people. However, e-home is more than just a technical problem, and it needs a systemic way and social-psychological study how to design e-home system. In the end, e-home system must provide with needed services to residents. I will introduce IMIS project ´Integrated Mobile Information System for Home Healthcare’ financed by Swedish Agency for Innovative Systems (VINNOVA). This project will continue to 2006, and one of the outputs will be a sustainable software platform which is based on a systemic study of social psychological factors involved in the home healthcare. I will provide with some Swedish experiences and the so called ‘Scandinavia Approach’ in conducting such complex system to my colleagues in China, and I hope the IMIS project will be also developed in China based up on some feasibility and desirability studies with some Chinese colleagues.
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| 8. |
- Bacauskiene, Marija, et al.
(författare)
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The Evidence Theory Based Post-Processing of Colour Images
- 2004
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Ingår i: Informatica (Vilnius). - Vilnius : Institute of Mathematics and Cybernetics, Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. - 0868-4952 .- 1822-8844. ; 15:3, s. 315-328
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The problem of post-processing of a classified image is addressed from the point of view of the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence. Each neighbour of a pixel being analyzed is considered as an item of evidence supporting particular hypotheses regarding the class label of that pixel. The strength of support is defined as a function of the degree of uncertainty in class label of the neighbour, and the distance between the neighbour and the pixel being considered. A post-processing window defines the neighbours. Basic belief masses are obtained for each of the neighbours and aggregated according to the rule of orthogonal sum. The final label of the pixel is chosen according to the maximum of the belief function.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Gerdtham, Ulf G., et al.
(författare)
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Income-related inequality in life-years and quality-adjusted life-years
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 19:6, s. 1007-1026
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We estimate the income-related inequality in Sweden with respect to life-years and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). We use a large data set from Sweden with over 40,000 individuals followed up for 10-16 years, to estimate the survival and quality-adjusted survival in different income groups. For both life-years and QALYs, we discover inequalities in health favouring the higher income groups. For men (women) in the youngest age-group (20-29 years), the number of QALYs is 43.7 (45.7) in the lowest income decile and 47.2 (49.0) in the highest income decile. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
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