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- Bianchi, Mattia, et al.
(författare)
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Organizing for External Technology Commercialization: evidence from a multiple case study in the pharmaceutical industry
- 2011
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Ingår i: R&D Management. - : Wiley: 24 months. - 0033-6807. ; 41:2, s. 120-137
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- External technology commercialization (ETC) is increasingly being regarded as a strategic priority by companies. ETC is the use of out-licensing to transfer technologies that are disembodied from products to other organizations. Previous research has focused on the economic and strategic dimensions but little attention has so far been paid to how ETC should be organized. This paper explores whether and how firms operating in different contexts adopt dissimilar organizational solutions for their ETC activities. To this aim, a theoretical framework is first developed that comprises the key constitutive elements of ETC organization and a number of firm-level and deal-level factors that are supposed to influence organizational design choices. Based on a multiple case-study analysis involving 16 out-licensing deals executed in seven Italian pharmaceutical firms, the paper shows that the organization of out-licensing tasks and the allocation of decision-making power is shaped by, and adapts to, the relevance of ETC in the corporate strategy, the volume of ETC transactions, the stage of development of the technology being commercialized and the competitive threats due to the deal. The paper is believed to be useful for licensing and R&D managers who can find practical insights into how ETC activities can be organized and which critical contextual factors should be accounted for when designing such organization.
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- Bianchi, Mattia, et al.
(författare)
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Selling technological knowledge: Managing the complexities of technology transactions
- 2011
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Ingår i: Research-Technology Management. - : Taylor & Francis (Routledge): SSH Titles. - 0895-6308. ; 54:2, s. 18-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the diffusion of the open-innovation paradigm, more companies are selling their technological knowledge, disembodied from physical artifacts, to other organizations in an attempt to maximize the rent-yield potential of the innovation process. However, extracting revenues from technology sale remains a challenge for most firms due to the peculiarities of technological knowledge as an object of commerce. A study of 30 companies actively involved in technology sale and 75 single transactions illuminates two key aspects of technology transactions: (1) the challenges that the technology sale process entails, and (2) the practices that can be adopted to manage the complexities of technology transactions. CTOs and R&D and technology managers can use these insights to build a firm-level capability in selling technological knowledge.
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- Bianchi, Mattia, et al.
(författare)
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Technology acquisition in family and nonfamily firms : A longitudinal analysis of spanish manufacturing firms
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Product Innovation Management. - : Wiley: 24 months. - 1540-5885 .- 0737-6782. ; 30:6, s. 1073-1088
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Technology acquisition from external sources has been identified as a critical competence for sustained success in innovation, and research has paid a good deal of attention to studying its advantages, drawbacks, determinants, and outcomes. Traditionally, research has modeled the choice to acquire technology from outside a firm's boundaries as the result of a trade-off between the benefits of external acquisition (e.g., higher return on investment, lower costs, increased flexibility, access to specialized skill sets, and creativity) and its drawbacks (e.g., opening the market to new entrants, risk of imitation of core competencies, and reduced value appropriability). Yet, this view does not capture the behavioral considerations that may potentially encourage or discourage managers from sourcing technology outside the firm's boundaries. This behavioral aspect is especially important if one wants to understand the conduct in external technology acquisition of family firms, which are found to favor strategic actions that preserve the controlling families' control and authority over business, even at the cost of giving up potential economic benefits. Thus, external technology acquisition is likely to be interpreted differently in family and nonfamily firms. Despite its importance, how the involvement of a controlling family affects decisions in technology and innovation management and specifically external technology acquisition is an overlooked topic in extant research and requires further theoretical and empirical examination. This study attempts to fill these gaps by extending the tenets of the behavioral agency model and prior research pointing to particularistic decision-making in family firms to uncover the behavioral drivers of external technology acquisition in family and nonfamily firms. Theory is developed that relates performance risk, family management, and the contingent effect of the degree of technology protection on external technology acquisition, and the hypotheses are tested with longitudinal data on 1540 private Spanish manufacturing firms. The analyses show that managers are more likely to acquire technology from external sources through research and development contracting when firm performance falls below managers' aspirations. Family firms are generally more reluctant to acquire external technology, and the effect of negative aspiration performance gaps becomes less relevant as family management is higher, which is attributed to family managers' attempts to avoid losing control over the trajectory that technology follows over time. However, family firms become more favorable to considering the adoption of an open approach to technology development when some protection mechanisms (specifically, the filing of patents on the firm proprietary technologies) increase the managers' perceptions of control over the technology trajectory. As such, this study makes a contribution to the understanding of the behavioral factors driving external technology acquisition, and it offers important insights regarding technology strategy in family firms.
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- Bianchi, Mattia, et al.
(författare)
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Technology exploitation paths : Combining technological and complementary resources in new product development and licensing
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Product Innovation Management. - : Wiley: 24 months. - 1540-5885 .- 0737-6782. ; 31:S1, s. 146-169
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Technological resources in the form of patents, trade secrets, and know-how have become key assets for modern enterprises. This paper addresses a critical issue in technology and innovation management, namely, the commercial exploitation of technological resources resulting from research and development (R&D) investments. Extracting economic value from these resources by maximizing the benefits for shareholders is an extremely challenging task because technological resources are intangible, idiosyncratic, uncertain, predominantly tacit, and with poorly defined property rights. In their attempt to extract the maximum value from their technological resources, firms increasingly combine their internal exploitation through new product development (NPD) with external exploitation through licensing. However, most existing studies on NPD and technology licensing have treated the two exploitation paths independently and in isolation, which has resulted in two separate research streams using different theories and addressing different managerial challenges. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to filling this gap by developing and testing a comprehensive conceptual framework that simultaneously considers the antecedents affecting the successful implementation of NPD and licensing strategies as well as their consequences on firm profitability. The paper in particular investigates the effects of the interplay between technological resources and three types of complementary resources, marketing, manufacturing, and relational. We test the model using structural equation modeling on a sample of 733 Spanish manufacturing firms observed from 2003 to 2007. The data provide support for the existence of different paths to market firm technologies: an internal path, whereby the ownership of technological resources fully explains NPD performance, and an external path, whereby high intensity of marketing and relational resources reinforces the positive effect of technological resources on licensing performance. This sustains the relevance of the resource-based value-enhancing effects of complementary resources in licensing, as opposed to the motivation-reducing effects advanced by transaction cost-based literature. Moreover, the empirical analysis shows a substitution effect between NPD and licensing, whereby their simultaneous pursuit at intense levels is associated with lower profit margins. This provides evidence of the much theorized, but seldom tested, rent dissipation effect. These findings offer several contributions to research on licensing, NPD, open innovation, and the resource-based view of the firm. On a managerial level, they suggest that achieving maximum value from proprietary technologies may not entail exploiting them both through external and internal paths. Managers are also informed that the resource combinations that enhance licensing performance include marketing and relational resources.
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- Campodall'Orto, Sergio, et al.
(författare)
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Enabling Open Innovation in SMEs: How to Find Alternative Applications for Your Technologies
- 2010
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Ingår i: R&D Management. - : Wiley. - 0033-6807. ; 40:4, s. 414-431
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A critical success factor in the practice of Open Innovation is the timely identification of opportunities for out-licensing a firm's technologies outside its core business. This can be particularly challenging for small- and medium-sized enterprise (SMEs), because of their focussed business portfolio, specialized knowledge basis, and limited financial resources that can be devoted to innovation activities. The paper illustrates a quick and easy-to-use methodology for the identification of viable opportunities for out-licensing a firm's technologies outside its core business. The method uses established TRIZ instruments in combination with non-financial weighting and ranking techniques and portfolio management tools. It has been developed by the authors in collaboration with an Italian SME working in the packaging industry.
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| 10. |
- Chiaroni, Davide, et al.
(författare)
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Collaborations for Innovation in the Bio-Pharmaceutical Industry : An Exploratory Analysis on the Role of Platform Biotech Firms
- 2012
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Ingår i: Pharmacoinformatics and Drug Discovery Technologies: Theories and Applications. - Hershey, PA : IGI Global. - 9781466603103 - 9781466603097
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The advent of biotechnology in the late ’80s revolutionized the pharmaceutical industry and, in particular, caused a strong division of labour in the innovation process. As a result, the capability to master technological collaborations with external organizations has become a critical success factor for incumbent pharmaceutical firms as well as product biotech firms. This chapter investigates the phenomenon by using a rich and purposively collected empirical basis about the organisational forms (e.g., partnerships, in- and out-licensing, outsourcing, technology purchasing) through which inter-organizational collaborations are put into practice along the phases of the bio-pharmaceutical innovation process, and about the specific role played in these collaborations by platform biotech firms. Results are interpreted by drawing into two relatively novel streams of research in the innovation management literature, dealing with the Open Innovation paradigm and the role of Technical and Scientific Services (TSS).
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