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- Dury, Jack, 1993-
(författare)
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Dealing With Reservoir Effects in Human and Faunal Skeletal Remains : Understanding the radiocarbon dating of aquatic samples
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Archaeology relies on the ordering of past events to study cultural developments. This has traditionally been achieved by looking at the stratigraphic depths of materials relative to one another. In this way, chronologies of past technological progressions and stylistic changes can be built. The introduction of radiocarbon dating in the 1950s revolutionised archaeology, allowing for direct, numerical estimates of a sample’s age. This allowed for more detailed past chronologies than was previously possible. Radiocarbon dating utilises the radioactive decay of carbon-14 (radiocarbon, 14C) to estimate a sample’s age with older samples having less 14C. Shortly after the introduction of radiocarbon dating, however, it was demonstrated that 14C is not evenly distributed globally. Typically, there is less 14C in marine (and sometimes freshwater) systems compared to the atmosphere. This results in aquatic samples appearing older than they are, a phenomenon known as a ‘reservoir effect’. When radiocarbon dating material from archaeological sites with marine activity, this is an important consideration. With aquatic resources being vital for human populations across the globe and for millennia, the ability to interpret aquatic radiocarbon dates is incredibly important. Making use of radiocarbon dates without properly handling any reservoir effects have proved problematic, sometimes resulting in archaeologically incorrect chronologies being constructed. Reservoir effects can, however, be managed. This thesis demonstrates how archaeologists should interpret radiocarbon dates from aquatic samples, avoiding erroneously-old age estimates. Through careful sample selection, considering complicated carbon source mixing, measuring the scale and variability of reservoir effects within a single ecosystem and using prior knowledge about a sample’s age, the dating of aquatic material can be greatly improved. This thesis also details a novel method of dating teeth, reducing uncertainty, and concomitantly estimating the extent of the reservoir effect. This was achieved by dating dental increments, combined with complex modelling. It is clear that there is no single method of handling reservoir effects, and methods for dealing with reservoir effects will differ depending on the archaeological site and specific research question. In this thesis, novel and existing methods of dealing with reservoir effects are demonstrated by considering five case studies from four archaeological sites:At the site of Hamanaka 2 (Rebun Island, Japan), it is demonstrated that by carefully selecting samples without reservoir effects, the dating of the stratigraphy of the site can be accurately modelled. Concerning the cemetery site of Rounala (northern Sweden), it is demonstrated that by carefully reconstructing complex human diets, the dating of humans can be modelled to a high resolution. This has implications for the understanding of the Church’s relationship with the cemetery. At the site of Ekven (Chukotka, Bering Strait) reservoir effect variability between species is carefully described. A more detailed understanding of regional reservoir effects allows for more accurate dating of human remains from the marine hunting Old Bering Sea culture. More accurate dating of human remains allows for the refining of existing Old Bering Sea culture chronologies. Finally, concerning the material from Resmo (Ӧland, Sweden), a novel dental wiggle matching model is presented as a possible method for reducing dating uncertainty in individuals with a marine dietary component.
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- Dury, Jack, et al.
(författare)
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Dental wiggle matching : Radiocarbon modelling of micro-sampled archaeological human dentine
- 2021
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Ingår i: Quaternary International. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-6182 .- 1873-4553. ; 595, s. 118-127
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Marine reservoir effects (MRE) have the potential to increase the dating uncertainty of humans incorporating marine resources into their diets. Here we attempt a novel dental wiggle-match model to reduce dating uncertainty of seven individuals from the Resmo megalithic tomb (Öland, Sweden) and to test whether this model can be used to calculate MRE from a single tooth. Previous stable isotope ratio studies of these individuals demonstrated that their diets changed, between more or less marine protein, during the early years of their lives. Several incremental samples of dentine from each individual were subjected to radiocarbon dating and stable isotope ratio analysis. An OxCal model was designed that makes use of the known formation sequence of human teeth to reduce overall dating uncertainty. The new dental wiggle-match model is able to reduce overall dating uncertainty in all of the sampled individuals compared to more conventional 14C calibration methods. A utility of the dental wiggle model to estimate marine reservoir effects without associated faunal material is also demonstrated, with promising results.
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- Elmberg Sjoholm, M., et al.
(författare)
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Living with consequences of stroke and risk factors for unhealthy diet- experiences among stroke survivors and caregivers in Nairobi, Kenya
- 2021
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1471-2458. ; 21:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundStroke prevalence is increasing in sub-Saharan Africa and has been partly attributed to the rapid economic and population growth that have contributed to changes in lifestyle and increased the prevalence of modifiable risk factors for stroke. Healthy diet is important in stroke management and secondary stroke prevention. The aim was to explore the clinical characteristics and functioning after stroke and the experiences of nutritional aspects among stroke survivors and caregivers in Nairobi, Kenya.MethodsA cross-sectional study with qualitative and quantitative methods involving two rounds of data collection was utilised. In the first round, data on demographics and clinical characteristics were collected for 30 people poststroke during a seminar organized by the Kenya Stroke Association. In the second round, nine participants then agreed to be interviewed together with their caregivers and asked to describe their own experiences and their household eating patterns after suffering a stroke. The food frequency questionnaire and anthropometric measurements of weight, height and waist measurements were used. The self-reported data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the transcribed interview texts used a constructivist-based theory.ResultsThe results give an insight in the life situation for people living with consequences after stroke and their caregivers in Nairobi. The participants were aware that they were overweight and that this indicated an increased risk for the development of cardiovascular diseases. A core category emerged: The caregiver as the main definer of health and enabler of healthy diet among persons who have had a stroke. Healthy diets and provided information on eating healthy were lacking from the healthcare professionals, whereupon the responsibility for managing a healthy diet had shifted to the caregivers.ConclusionsSupport needs to be given to people with stroke and their caregivers to achieve a healthy diet. The importance of healthy eating as a way of reducing the risk of suffering a stroke needs to be communicated by health care. The Kenyan food-based dietary guidelines need to be more implemented and accessible as well as an overall secondary stroke prevention program.
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- Eriksson, Gunilla, et al.
(författare)
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The everyday life situation of caregivers to family members who have had a stroke and received the rehabilitation intervention F@ce in Uganda
- 2021
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Ingår i: Archives of Public Health. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 0778-7367 .- 2049-3258. ; 79
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Stroke is increasing in Africa and consequences such as limitations in the performance of activities in everyday life persist a long time. A family member might need to care for and assist the person who has had a stroke. The life situation of these caregivers thereby changes, which could lead to increased workload and new responsibilities in caring for which they lack but request knowledge. During the F@ce rehabilitation program, the caregivers received counseling, which is uncommon in the African context. The aim of the study was twofold; (1) to investigate the perceived caregiver burden and life satisfaction and, (2) to explore and describe the life situation for caregivers to persons that have had a stroke and received the mobile phone supported rehabilitation F@ce in urban areas in Uganda.Method: A mixed method design was used. Twelve caregivers took part in a semi-structured interview regarding their everyday life situation and responded to questionnaires on caregiver burden and life satisfaction. Latent qualitative content analysis was used to analyse the interviews.Results: Five categories were identified in the caregivers' experiences of their life situation: Feels obligated but is just a natural commitment; a tightly scheduled everyday life; being the supporting relative; the caregivers approach as rehabilitators; and being supported by the rehabilitation intervention. The caregivers rated relatively high on the Caregiver Burden Scale and two thirds of the sample rated their satisfaction with life as a whole as dissatisfying. Further ratings on the Life Satisfaction checklist revealed that the financial, vocational, leisure and family situations were dissatisfying.Conclusions: Even if it was viewed as a natural commitment to be a caregiver when a family member had had a stroke, the life situation changed substantially for those who took on the caregiving role. Caregiving responsibilities were challenging as well as a heavy workload and a strained financial situation as many were giving up on jobs. The participants felt burdened and rated a low life satisfaction. The F@ce intervention was, however, expressed as valued and involved support and advice in their caregiving situation as well as information on stroke which relieved stress among them.
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- Fjellström, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Food, Mobility, and Health in a 17th and 18th Century Arctic Mining Population in Silbojokk, Swedish Sapmi
- 2021
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Ingår i: Arctic. - : The Arctic Institute of North America. - 0004-0843 .- 1923-1245. ; 74:2, s. 113-238
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Established in 1635, the silver mine of Nasafjall and the smeltery site in Silbojokk in Swedish Sapmi were used during several phases until the late 19th century. Excavations in Silbojokk, c. 40 km from Nasafjall, have revealed buildings such as a smeltery, living houses, a bakery, and a church with a churchyard. From the beginning, both local and non-local individuals worked at the mine and the smeltery. Non-locals were recruited to work in the mine and at the smeltery, and the local Semi population was recruited to transport the silver down to the Swedish coast. Females, males, and children of different ages were represented among the individuals buried at the churchyard in Silbojokk, which was used between c. 1635 and 1770. Here we study diet, mobility, and exposure to lead (Pb) in the smeltery workers, the miners, and the local population. By employing isotopic analysis, delta C-13, delta N-15, delta S-34, Sr-87/Sr-86 and elemental analysis, we demonstrate that individuals in Silbojokk had a homogenous diet, except for two individuals. In addition, both local and non-local individuals were all exposed to Pb, which in some cases could have been harmful to their health.
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- Glykou, Aikaterini, et al.
(författare)
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Reconstructing the ecological history of the extinct harp seal population of the Baltic Sea
- 2021
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Ingår i: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 251
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus), today a subarctic species with breeding populations in the White Sea, around the Jan Mayen Islands and Newfoundland, was a common pinniped species in the Baltic Sea during the mid- and late Holocene. It is puzzling how an ice dependent species could breed in the Baltic Sea during the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM), and it remains unclear for how long harp seals bred in the Baltic Sea and when the population became extirpated. We combined radiocarbon dating of harp seal bones with zooarchaeological, palaeoenvironmental and stable isotope data to reconstruct the harp seal occurrence in the Baltic Sea. Our study revealed two phases of harp seal presence and verifies that the first colonization and establishment of a local breeding population occurred within the HTM. We suggest that periods with very warm summers but cold winters allowed harp seals to breed on the ice. Human pressure, salinity fluctuations with consequent changes in prey availability and competition for food resources, mainly cod, resulted in physiological stress that ultimately led to a population decline and local extirpation during the first phase. The population reappeared after a long hiatus. Final extinction of the Baltic Sea harp seal coincided with the Medieval Warm Period. Our data provide insights for the first time on the combined effects of past climatic and environmental change and human pressure on seal populations and can contribute with new knowledge on ongoing discussions concerning the impacts of such effects on current arctic seal populations.
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- Hodson, Tenelle, et al.
(författare)
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Occupational engagement following mild stroke in the Australian context using the occupational gaps questionnaire
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1103-8128 .- 1651-2014. ; 28:5, s. 384-390
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: There is a need for research to identify the impact of mild stroke on occupational engagement. The Occupational Gaps Questionnaire (OGQ) measures the difference between a person's actual and preferred occupational engagement. Aims/objectives: This study aimed to test the feasibility of the English version of the OGQ, and describe occupational gaps of people with mild stroke. Material and methods: A mixed methods, cross-sectional study involving 10 people with mild stroke at 1 and/or 9 months after stroke. Quantitative data were summarised descriptively and thematic analysis explored qualitative responses. Results: Participants reported a mean of 6.7 (SD 5.1) gaps at 1-month and 3.00 (SD 2.1) gaps at 9-months. Outdoor activities, work, sports, and light home and heavy-duty maintenance were identified as gaps at both time-points. Two themes emerged from the qualitative analysis: Drivers of occupation and Occupations can be challenged or enabled. An additional finding in terms of feasibility was drawn from qualitative data: Feasibility of Conducting the OGQ with people with mild stroke.
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- Holmlund, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Return-to-work : Exploring professionals' experiences of support for persons with spinal cord injury
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1103-8128 .- 1651-2014. ; 28:7, s. 571-581
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: To generate knowledge about how professional stakeholders organise and experience the support of the return-to-work (RTW) process for persons with spinal cord injury (SCI).Methods: Constructivist grounded theory approach. Professional stakeholders (n = 34) involved in the RTW process and representing three Swedish Regions were recruited into seven focus groups. Analysis followed initial, focussed, and theoretical coding.Findings: The core category - mediating intentions to support work and possibilities of working through social, labour market, and societal context - illustrates complexities of when and how to support a person with SCI in the RTW process, and a risk of delayed, unequal, or absent RTW processes. Analysis outlines: (1) Assessment of ability to work - uncertainty of how and when; (2) Planning RTW - divide between dynamic and rule-based perspectives; (3) Work re-entry - unequal paths towards viable solutions.Conclusions: In RTW after SCI, it is critical to acknowledge how the RTW process is situated in relation to the person and context. A possible direction - grounded in an occupational perspective - through early identification of needs and resources and coordination derived from the SCI rehabilitation setting within healthcare is suggested. This can facilitate a time-sensitive and equal RTW process.
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- Johansson, Ulla, et al.
(författare)
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The delivery of the ReWork-Stroke program : A process evaluation
- 2021
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Ingår i: Work. - : IOS Press. - 1051-9815 .- 1875-9270. ; 70:2, s. 467-478
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The ReWork-Stroke program was developed to meet the need for a person-centered rehabilitation program addressing return to work after stroke and was provided by occupational therapists (OTs). OBJECTIVE: To gain knowledge on the implementation process of the ReWork-Stroke program, the mechanisms of impact, and the contextual factors that might have affected the process. METHODS: A case study design was used. Data were collected by interviews with two ReWork-Stroke providers and their logbooks of 13 clients. Content analysis was applied. RESULTS: The ReWork-Stroke program varied in duration (12-48 weeks) and was largely implemented according to plan regarding components and how they were provided. It was mostly delivered at the workplace. Mechanisms of impact were building alliances with clients, providing intervention at the workplace, informing about stroke, assigning co-workers as tutors for clients, and collaboration between stakeholders. CONCLUSIONS: The ReWork-Stroke program can be implemented according to plan and is a flexible person-centered program in which stakeholders, coordinated by an OT, plan and take actions, mostly at the workplace, for the client's return to work. A key factor was recognizing the current work ability after stroke. Further program development includes a more structured evaluation and technical solutions for supporting stakeholders.
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