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| 2. |
- Blomqvist, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Emission from Fires Part 1: Fire Retarded and non fire retarded TV sets
- 2004
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Ingår i: Fire Technology. - 0015-2684. ; 40:1, s. 35-58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The results of detailed measurements of the emissions from simulated fires with TV-sets are presented in this article. Results from both small- and full-scale fire experiments with flame retarded and non-flame retarded TV-sets are discussed. The measurements cover a broad range of chemical species including specific fire retardant agents and both chlorinated- and brominated dibenzodioxins and furans. The results from similar measurements, but in this case from simulated room fires, can be found in part II in this series of articles. The methodology applied for the measurement of this large range of fire gases is presented in this article. Further, the sampling and analysis methods common for both the TV fires and the simulated room fires are described in detail in conjunction with the experimental results from the TV fires. Additionally, recommendations are made concerning good practice when conducting fire gas determinations of similar complexity.
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| 3. |
- Blomqvist, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Emissions from Fires Part II: Simulated Room Fires
- 2004
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Ingår i: Fire Technology. - 0015-2684. ; 40:1, s. 59-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Detailed quantitative characterization of the combustion gases from a series of room fires is reported in this article. Three simulated room fires were conducted with a test room containing a typical domestic fuel load of furniture including a TV-set. Two types of TV-sets were studied in the experiments, i.e. those containing fire retarded and non-fire retarded enclosure material. The measurement of the combustion gases included inorganic species and various organic species among them polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzodioxins and furans, and selected brominated flame retardant agents. The detailed quantitative characterization of the combustion gases from the room fires forms a unique source of emission data for fire incidents in buildings. Chlorinated dibenzodioxins and furans were found in the combustion gases from all room tests. No brominated dioxins were found, however brominated furans were found. Further, the results from the room tests indicate that a TV-set treated with brominated flame retardants included in the fire load of a room fire does not necessarily increase the emission of bromine containing organic combustion products. The methodology applied for the sampling and analysis has been described in Part I of this series of articles.
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| 4. |
- Särdqvist, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Correlation Between Firefighting Operation and Fire Area: Analysis of Statistics
- 2000
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Ingår i: Fire Technology. - 0015-2684. ; 36:2, s. 109-130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study is to investigate whether current statistics can quantify the benefits of fire brigades. A detailed investigation by the London Fire Brigade of most fires in the greater London area has been underway since 1994. The present study concerns 307 fires in non-residential buildings between 1994 and 1997. Times to detection, to arrival of the fire brigade, and to extinguishment of the fire, as well as the process of extinguishing it, are compared to the final property damage caused by the fire. In half of the fires, the final fire area equals the area at detection, and in three-quarters of the fires, the final fire area equals the fire area when the fire brigade arrived. No support was obtained for the hypothesis that the period between ignition and the time the fire brigade intervened correlates with fire area. However, the hypothesis is supported for fires still spreading when the brigade arrives. Both water flow rate for extinguishing a fire and water application time are proportional to the square root of the fire area. Total water demand is proportional to the fire area.
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