| 1. |
- Arvidson, Magnus
(författare)
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Large-Scale Water Spray and Water Mist Fire Suppression System Tests for the Protection of Ro-Ro Cargo Decks on Ships
- 2014
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Ingår i: Fire technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099. ; 50:3, s. 589-610
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper summarises a series of large-scale fire suppression tests conducted to simulate a fire in the trailer of a heavy goods freight truck on a roll-on roll-off (ro-ro) cargo deck. The tests were conducted with a traditional deluge water spray system as well as a deluge high-pressure water mist system. Parameters such as the water discharge density, the system operating pressure, the nozzle K-factor and whether the fire was fully exposed to the water spray or shielded were varied. The total and convective heat release rate of the fire was measured in order to determine the fire suppression and fire control capabilities of the tested systems. Test results indicate that a water discharge density of at least 10 mm/min is necessary to provide fire suppression of a fire in a heavy goods freight truck, whilst 5 mm/min would provide fire control. Furthermore, the test results indicate that a high-pressure water mist system would require higher flow rates as compared to a traditional water spray system in order to provide fire control.
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| 2. |
- Blomqvist, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Quantified in Large-Scale Fire Experiments
- 2012
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Ingår i: Fire technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099. ; 48:2, s. 513-528
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A number of large-scale fire experiments with detailed quantitative analysisof polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) including PAH congener distributionhave been conducted by SP. This data is reviewed here and is further assessed withregard to toxicity applying a Toxic Equivalency Factor (TEF) model for estimationof cancer potential. The PAH yield data from the large-scale fire experiments is alsocompared to emission factors from other combustion sources. The study shows thatfull-scale fire experiments with different products exhibit a large variation in totalPAH yields. Fires with products containing flame retardants were shown to producethe highest yields and generally a more toxic mixture of PAHs than fires with nonflameretarded products. The distribution of individual PAH congeners is generallyquantitatively dominated by low molecular weight PAHs, whereas a small number ofmedium to high molecular weight PAHs are most important in determining the toxicityof the PAH mixture. The large-scale fire experiments indicate that fires normallyproduce orders of magnitudes higher yields compared to, e.g. modern residentialcombustion devices. The relative distribution of individual PAHs, which determinesthe toxicity of the PAH mix, is similar for the fires and open burning data studied, inthat benzo(a)pyrene and dibenz(a,h)anthracene dominate the toxicity of the mix as awhole.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Fridolf, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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Fire Evacuation in Underground Transportation Systems: A Review of Accidents and Empirical Research
- 2013
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Ingår i: Fire Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099. ; 49:2, s. 451-475
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous fire accidents have shown that fires in underground transportation systems, e.g., tunnels and underground stations, can cause many fatalities. It is therefore important in fire safety design to give adequate consideration to all aspects related to evacuation. The main purpose of this paper is to provide guidance to engineers involved in the design of underground transportation systems, and to create a basis for future research in the area. A review of previously reported fire accidents and of empirical research is performed. The review of accidents is based on a theoretical framework, namely four accepted human behaviour theories, which can be used in the fire safety design of underground transportation systems. Factors important for fire evacuation in these types of facilities are also presented, and data related to these factors are summarised. The review reveals many potential solutions to commonly observed evacuation problems, but it also shows that there is room for further future research in the area.
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| 5. |
- Hjohlman, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Flame Spread Modelling of Complex Textile Materials
- 2011
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Ingår i: Fire Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099. ; 47:1, s. 85-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Flame spread in textile materials was modelled using two different simulation programs: the semi-empirical area-based code ConeTools, and the computational fluid dynamics, CFD, code Fire Dynamics Simulator, FDS, (version 5). Two textile products developed within the EU-project Flexifunbar were selected for study. The two products show a large difference in composition and application area, one material is developed to function as a protecting layer for the underlying structure in case of fire while the other is an insulating material with no requirements on fire performance. The products represent materials for which fire test results indicate a classification on either end of the rating scale for wall materials according to EN 13501. Two FDS-models were developed for the simulations. The first FDS model was a relatively simple model of the small scale Cone Calorimeter test (ISO 5660) which served the purpose of a first preliminary validation of the model for pyrolysis of the material. In the second FDS model, a model of the intermediate scale Single Burning Item, SBI, test method (EN 13823), the fire scenario was expanded to simulate flame spread over a surface. The work included determination of the necessary material properties. In ConeTools, the option to predict an SBI test was used. The results from the two simulation methods were compared to real SBI tests. Neither model was able to fully predict the heat release rate for these complex products. However, the results from both codes were accurate enough to correctly predict the fire rating class for wall linings according to EN13501.
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| 6. |
- Ibrahim, Muhammad Asim, et al.
(författare)
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Combustion Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste Bales
- 2013
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Ingår i: Fire Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099. ; 51:1, s. 109-127
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Combustion behaviour of municipal solid waste bales is a rarely studied topic hitherto. However, there is dire need to devote research on the topic because baling as a storage methodology is getting popular among waste management companies and fire episodes in such storage sites can have devastating economic, environmental and social implications. In this study, thickness of low density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic sheets (12 layers, 6 layers and no layer) and type of ignition source (pilot ignition, thermal radiation) were investigated to see their effect on combustion behaviour of bales. In total eleven tests with a single bale in each test were performed. It has been found that the bales not wrapped with LDPE plastic sheets may pose higher hazards for adjacently stored material to catch fire as the value of maximum heat release rate observed for them was higher than those wrapped with LDPE plastic sheets. Furthermore, it has been found that LDPE plastic wrapping do not contribute significantly to the combustion of bales when exposed only to thermal radiation from an adjacent fire. However, it plays a significant role in ignition of bales in case exposed to a pilot flame ignition source. Molten LDPE plastic trapped between the adjacently stored bales was found to be another important factor influencing the combustion of bales.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Jansson, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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The Influence of Pressure in the Pore System on Fire Spalling of Concrete
- 2010
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Ingår i: Fire technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099. ; 46:1, s. 217-230
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fire spalling of concrete is often attributed to the pressure in the pore system. Recent results from fire tests on Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) have shown that the connection between pressure in the capillary pore system and fire spalling of concrete is not obvious [Jansson (2006) Proceedings from the 4th international workshop, Aveiro, Portugal, pp 747-756]. This issue has been investigated by performing pressure measurements on SCC and a traditional vibrated concrete designed for tunnel construction. In the tests conducted on SCC data from exposure to the hydrocarbon (HC) fire curve are presented. In the tests conducted on vibrated concrete, measurements were performed in concrete exposed to the standard fire curve (EN1363-1) and the Rijkswaterstaat (RWS) curve. The highest pressures in the two test series were measured in the concretes that did not exhibit spalling during fire. One conclusion from the tests is that pressure in the capillary system is not the driving force for spalling during fire exposure. However, pressure is involved in the redistribution of moisture during fire exposure. A new theory is proposed to explain the spalling reducing function of PP-fibres based on the presence and movement of moisture.
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| 10. |
- Johansson, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Combining Statistics and Case Studies to Identify and Understand Deficiencies in Fire Protection
- 2012
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Ingår i: Fire Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099. ; 48:4, s. 945-960
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the years, much information has been gathered about fires in fire investigation reports and statistics. This information may have been collected nationally by an agency or an insurance company, or locally by the local rescue service. The information thus gathered can be used to learn from these fires and thereby lead to improved fire safety in buildings. This paper describes a method for discovering technical deficiencies in the fire safety of buildings. The method offers a means of analysing several fires systematically with the aim of identifying factors characteristic of a problem in the system studied. In this paper, the method is illustrated through a study of severe fires in school buildings in Sweden. The aim is to discover the underlying factors that cause some fires to grow and become severe. The method is considered a useful tool for discovering the underlying factors to or causes of fires.
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