| 1. |
- Andres, B., et al.
(författare)
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Using Micro-Scale and Solid Material Data for Modelling Heat Transfer in Stone Wool Composites Under Heat Exposures
- 2021
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Ingår i: Fire Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099. ; 57:4, s. 1541-1567
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Modelling capabilities have drastically improved in the last decade. However, in most of the cases the fire response of building elements is predicted by fitting input material properties to the models in order to match test data. This paper presents models developed to predict the unexposed side temperature of stone wool layered composites with stainless steel or gypsum claddings exposed to severe heat conditions. The suitability of material thermal properties from literature and reaction kinetic parameters obtained at bench scale (e.g. thermogravimetric analysis, bomb calorimeter, slug test) to model composites at different heat exposures is studied. Modelling efforts include: (1) the combustion of the organic content of the wool, (2) diffusion term to account for the passage of hot air through the wool, (3) calcination reactions in the gypsum plasterboard, (4) energy released by burning of the paper lining of gypsum plasterboard. The models are compared against experimental data. Results show that material thermal properties of gypsum plasterboard and stone wool retrieved from the literature and obtained at a bench scale provide accurate model predictions under different heat exposures. Furthermore, reactions schemes for the dehydration of gypsum plasterboard and organic content combustion in the wool also provide good modelling results. Further analysis is necessary to understand the environmental conditions inside the layered composites in fire exposures in order to achieve better modelling predictions.
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| 2. |
- Arias, Silvia, et al.
(författare)
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A Study on Evacuation Behavior in Physical and Virtual Reality Experiments
- 2022
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Ingår i: Fire Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099. ; 58:2, s. 817-849
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Comparing results obtained in Virtual Reality to those obtained in physical experiments is key for validation of Virtual Reality as a research method in the field of Human Behavior in Fire. A series of experiments based on similar evacuation scenarios in a high-rise building with evacuation elevators was conducted. The experiments consisted of a physical experiment in a building, and two Virtual Reality experiments in a virtual representation of the same building: one using a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE), and one using a head-mounted display (HMD). The data obtained in the HMD experiment is compared to data obtained in the CAVE and physical experiment. The three datasets were compared in terms of pre-evacuation time, noticing escape routes, walking paths, exit choice, waiting times for the elevators and eye-tracking data related to emergency signage. The HMD experiment was able to reproduce the data obtained in the physical experiment in terms of pre-evacuation time and exit choice, but there were large differences with the results from the CAVE experiment. Possible factors affecting the data produced using Virtual Reality are identified, such as spatial orientation and movement in the virtual environment.
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| 3. |
- Arvidson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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The Development of Automatic Sprinkler System Concepts for Maritime Vehicle Carriers
- 2024
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Ingår i: Fire technology. - : Springer. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Closed ro-ro spaces on maritime vehicle carriers are usually protected by a total-flooding carbon dioxide system. Such systems have many benefits, for example that there are no residues that can adversely affect the protected objects (in this case thousands of vehicles) and the agent is electrically non-conductive. However, there could be a considerable time delay from the start of a fire until the carbon dioxide system is discharged. Experience has shown that this delay time can cause significant fire damage and jeopardize the performance of the system. Within the EU funded LASH FIRE project, design and installation guidelines for supplementary automatic water-based fire sprinkler systems were developed. An important design feature is that the system automatically activates at an early stage of a fire. This would allow more time to fight the fire manually or to safely evacuate the space and discharge the CO2 system when the fire is controlled to one or a few vehicles instead of at a time when it has escalated in size. The work was partly based on a comprehensive literature review that identified relevant standards and information applicable to the design of automatic fire sprinkler and deluge water spray systems. Large-scale fire tests verified that the suggested system designs were able to provide control of realistic vehicle fires, including fires in passenger cars and a freight truck.
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| 4. |
- Arvidson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Water Spray Fire Suppression Tests Comparing Gasoline-Fuelled and Battery Electric Vehicles
- 2023
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Ingår i: Fire technology. - : Springer Nature. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099. ; 59, s. 3391-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The increased use of electric vehicles has raised a concern about the performance efficiency of water spray fire suppression systems (often denoted “drencher systems”) typically installed on ro–ro cargo and ro–ro passenger ships. A test series was conducted involving testing of two pairs of geometrically similar gasoline-fuelled and battery electric vehicles in test conditions as equivalent as possible. During testing, key parameters such as the heat release rate, the gas temperature above the vehicle and the surface temperature of target steel sheet screens at the sides of the vehicle were measured. Fire ignition was arranged in such a way that the gasoline fuel or the battery pack was involved at the initial stage of the fire. It is concluded that fires in the two types of vehicles are different but have similarities. However, a fire in a battery electric vehicle does not seem to be more challenging than a fire in a gasoline-fuelled vehicle for a drencher system designed in accordance with current international recommendations
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| 5. |
- Bisschop, Roeland, et al.
(författare)
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Handling Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles: Preventing and Recovering from Hazardous Events
- 2020
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Ingår i: Fire technology. - : Springer. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099. ; 56, s. 2671-2694
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The demand for lithium-ion battery powered road vehicles continues toincrease around the world. As more of these become operational across the globe,their involvement in traffic accidents and incidents is likely to rise. This can damagethe lithium-ion battery and subsequently pose a threat to occupants and respondersas well as those involved in vehicle recovery and salvage operations. The project thispaper is based on aimed to alleviate such concerns. To provide a basis for fire safetysystems to be applied to damaged EVs, hazards have been identified and means forpreventing and controlling lithium-ion battery fires, including preventive measuresduring workshop and salvage activities were studied. Tests were also performed withfixed fire suppression systems applying suppressant inside traction batteries whichshowed to improve their safety.
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| 6. |
- Bukvic, Olivera, et al.
(författare)
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A review on the role of functional limitations on evacuation performance using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
- 2021
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Ingår i: Fire Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099. ; 57:2, s. 507-528
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This scoping review addresses the role of functional limitations on evacuation performance of adults in public buildings. Although this topic has been addressed in evacuation research, no linkage is currently available between functional limitations, the predominant activities affected by them and evacuation performance. This review strives to open a debate on the need to classify the impact of disability in terms of functional limitations on evacuation performance according to methods adopted in health science. This paper reviews literature concerning evacuation from public buildings with adults aged ≥ 60 years and/or adults aged ≥ 18 years with functional limitations. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health has been used to identify predominant activities during an evacuation and to perform a structured classification at different levels of resolution to address self-evacuation possibilities. Results of the review are presented in a tabular form linking predominant activities in terms of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health and six categories of functional limitations with the engineering evacuation time-line. The suggested classification can facilitate the assessment of the evacuation-related issues in buildings in relation to the population under consideration. The main research gaps identified include the lack of studies concerning the impact of cognitive limitations on egress, and the need to add the temporal dimension to the methods adopted in accessibility research to allow for their use in the egress field.
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| 7. |
- Croce, P., et al.
(författare)
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Fast-Response Sprinkler Technology : Hsiang-Cheng Kung, Gunnar Heskestad, Robert Bill, Roger Allard: The 2019 Phillip J. DiNenno Prize
- 2020
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Ingår i: Fire Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099. ; 56:5, s. 1981-2001
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The National Fire Protection Association has recognized fast-response sprinkler technology, developed and promulgated by Factory Mutual Research Corporation (FMRC, now FM Global), with its 2019 Phillip J. DiNenno Prize. This technology was the result of three innovative efforts that produced Response-Time Index (RTI), quick-response (QR) residential sprinklers, and the Early Suppression, Fast Response (ESFR) sprinkler. Cheng Yao (deceased), who led sprinkler research at FMRC (now FM Global), was the prime mover for this work. Dr. Gunnar Heskestad was responsible for conceptual work and much of the research and development work for RTI, as well as a good deal of the underlying research for ESFR. Dr. Hsiang-Cheng Kung did the conceptual and R&D work for QR residential sprinklers and along with Harry Shaw (deceased) supported and advocated for their acceptance into codes; he also conducted a significant amount of research work for ESFR development. Dr. Robert G. Bill provided additional experimental research work for RTI, including the adaptation of the RTI wind tunnel for testing recessed, flush and concealed sprinklers, as well as support work for Heskestad’s proposed resolution to the conduction complication identified by Jerome Pepi (deceased). He also worked extensively and closely with Roger L. Allard who was instrumental in gaining global acceptance and promulgation of these technologies worldwide. As the DiNenno Prize is not awarded posthumously, only those individuals identified in bold text were awarded the prize.
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| 8. |
- Dahlbom, Sixten, et al.
(författare)
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Fire Test Performance of Eleven PFAS-Free Class B Firefighting Foams Varying Fuels, Admixture, Water Types and Foam Generation Techniques
- 2022
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Ingår i: Fire technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099. ; 58:3, s. 1639-1665
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The firefighting performance of eleven PFAS-free firefighting foams was evaluated using different fuels (Jet A1, commercial heptane and diesel) and types of water (freshwater and synthetic sea water). Moreover, different firefighting foam generation techniques and application methods were evaluated. The firefighting foams were generated as aspirated foams or as compressed air foams (CAFs). The results for CAF showed a higher performance, with respect to extinction time and burn-back resistance, compared to the foam generated using a UNI 86 nozzle. The CAF was not optimised, indicating a further potential of this foam generation technique. The results indicate that the time to fire knockdown decreases with decreasing foam viscosity. The heat flux was shown to be small, although the entire fuel surface was involved in the fire. The tests showed a dependence on fuel type; different products performed differently depending on the fuel. Tests using sea water showed that addition of salt to the foam solution generally prolonged the extinction time, although for one of the firefighting foams a shorter extinction time was observed. Out of the eleven evaluated PFAS-free products there was no product that outperformed the rest. None of the products in the study met the fire test performance requirements in all the referenced standards. Instead, the products seem to have different niches where they perform best e.g., with different types of fuel or water.
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| 9. |
- Ehsanimehr, S., et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable Flame-Retardant Flax Fabrics by Engineered Layer-by-Layer Surface Functionalization with Phytic Acid and Polyethylenimine
- 2023
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Ingår i: Fire technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- New generation of mission-oriented fabrics meets advanced requirements; such as electrical conductivity, flame retardancy, and anti-bacterial properties. However, sustainability concerns still are on-demand in fabrication of multi-functional fabrics. In this work, we used a bio-based phosphorus molecule (phytic acid, PA) to reinforce flax fabrics against flame via layer-by-layer consecutive surface modification. First, the flax fabric was treated with PA. Then, polyethylenimine (PEI) was localized above it to create negative charges, and finally PA was deposited as top-layer. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), and inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) proved successful chemical treatment. Pyrolysis-combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) showed significant drop by about 77% in the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) from 215 W/g for untreated to 50 W/g for treated flax fabric. Likewise, the total heat release (THR) decreased by more than three times from 11 to 3.2 kJ/g. Mechanical behavior of the treated flax fabric was completely different from untreated flax fabrics, changing from almost highly-strengthened behavior with short elongation at break to a rubber-like behavior with significantly higher elongation at break. Surface friction resistance was also improved, such that the abrasion resistance of the modified fabrics increased up to 30,000 rub cycles without rupture.
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| 10. |
- Garberg Olsø, Brynhild, et al.
(författare)
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Factors Affecting the Fire Safety Design of Photovoltaic Installations Under Performance-Based Regulations in Norway
- 2023
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Ingår i: Fire technology. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099. ; 59, s. 2055-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The impact of Photovoltaic (PV) installations on the fire safety of buildings must be considered in all building projects where such energy systems are established. The holistic fire safety of the building largely depends on how the fire safety of the PV installation is considered by the different actors during the design and construction process. Research has therefore been undertaken to study how performance-based regulations in combination with the lack of national guidelines affect the overall fire safety considerations for PV installations in Norway. Four factors were found to govern to which extent PV installations are emphasised in the fire safety design phase: (1) whether the building was first of its kind as a pioneering building, (2) whether the building was built before or after the publication of the 2018 revision of the norm NEK 400, (3) The level of knowledge and experience of the fire safety consultant, which in turn affects the use of performance-based engineering tools and the level of detailing in the design and construction phases, and (4) The degree of integration in the building. The main goal of the study is to give an insight and a contribution to the development of in-depth knowledge on how fire safety design for PV installations on buildings is handled in Norway, which may also be relevant to other countries with similar performance-based regulations.
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