| 1. |
- Anerud, Erik
(författare)
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Evaluation of an improved design for large-scale storage of wood chip and bark
- 2021
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 154
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A developed bioeconomy needs better storage methods for wood chips and forest industry by-products, since increasing demands for more assortments, more storage will be necessary Today, solutions for coping with storage-related problems, such as dry matter losses and risk of self-ignition, are based on separating assortments into smaller piles and avoiding large-scale long-term storage of chips. A safe and efficient storage solution is needed to enable wood chip production all year round and not be limited to just-in-time production during the cold heating season when there is a large demand. This might result in a more robust system with larger buffer capacities, a less stressful working environment for chipping and transport contractors, and a better yearly machine utilisation. This study evaluated storage outcomes for wood chips and bark when using an improved storage design that created assortment separation using concrete walls and a semipermeable sheet for cover. The new design enabled efficient area utilisation and increased fire safety. The storage outcome was also improved in terms of moisture content, dry matter losses and temperature development compared to conventional open-air piles.
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| 2. |
- Anerud, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Fuel quality and dry matter losses of stored wood chips - Influence of cover material
- 2021
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 150
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Irregular seasonal demand from heat- and combined heat and power plants means that outdoor storage of forest fuels is an inevitable step in the forest fuel supply chain. Storage of fresh comminuted biomass render substantial dry matter and energy losses. Covering can protect wood chips from rewetting, leading to a higher net calorific value and lower dry matter losses, and thus increase the amount of available energy. This study examined the combined effect of covering material on fuel quality and the amount available energy from wood chips stored in a full-scale pile. The combined changes in fuel quality and dry matter loss reduced the amount of accessible energy by 9.8% in the uncovered part, by 5.6% when covered with water proof or light semi-permeable cover materials and by 1.0% when covered with a thicker semi permeable material. Fuel quality of wood chips can be improved by covering the piles during storage but the gain is affected by the type of cover material. Seasonal storage in properly covered chip piles facilitate an increased annual utilisation of chippers and chip trucks which reduces overall biomass supply chain cost.
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| 3. |
- Baena-Moreno, Francisco, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Biogas upgrading through calcium looping: Experimental validation and study of CO 2 capture
- 2023
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - 1873-2909 .- 0961-9534. ; 176
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The calcium looping technology is one of the most promising technologies for capturing and storing CO2. This technology has been evaluated with a variety of sorbents and conditions in previous works, but the inlet CO2-ladden gas has typically been a flue gas from combustion, which typically has a composition of 10–20% CO2 and 80–90% N2. On the other side, the performance of the calcium looping process for CO2 capture of other gases (i.e., biogas or gases resulting from hydrothermal carbonization) remains largely unstudied. In this work, this knowledge gap is assessed through evaluating the performance of the calcium looping process for biogas (synthesized as 40% CO2, 60% CH4) in terms of carbonation conversion. This experimental study investigates the impact of: (1) using an inlet gas composition representative for biogas instead of combustion flue gas; (2) different biogas compositions; (3) the carbonation temperature; (4) the cooling-down and heating-up of the sorbent material between the reactor and ambient temperatures within cycles; (5) the atmosphere composition during calcination; and (6) the solids particle size. The main result obtained is that the overall CO2-capture performance of calcium looping improves when using biogas as inlet CO2-ladden gas, in comparison with combustion flue gas. One main contribution to this improved performance is shown to be the presence of secondary reactions (i.e., dry reforming, methanation). The impact of the CH4 to CO2 ratio tested is not remarkable, showing that the potentialities of the process in this aspect can be adapted to several biogas producing feedstocks.
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| 4. |
- Barbero-López, A., et al.
(författare)
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Characterization and antifungal properties against wood decaying fungi of hydrothermal liquefaction liquids from spent mushroom substrate and tomato residues
- 2024
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 181
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aimed to investigate the potential of converting bio-based residues from industrial production of mushrooms and tomatoes into more valuable chemicals with antifungal properties using hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). Liquid fractions were obtained from HTL of spent substrate of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach and Pleurotus ostreatus (jacq.) P. kumm., recomposted Agaricus bisporus spent substrate, and tomato residues. The quantitative 1H NMR spectroscopy analysis revealed that the HTL liquids of all residues contained antifungal constituents like phenols and organic acids. The HTL liquids at dilutions of 10 % were able to inhibit the fungi by over 80 %. Interestingly, the fungus P. ostreatus showed tolerance to these constituents as its growth was promoted at the lowest concentration of all the HTL liquids. The HTL liquids had lower ecotoxicity than the commercial wood preservative. These results suggest that the tested residues could be a promising source of preservative chemical constituents for the wood industry.
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| 5. |
- Böhlenius, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Biomass production and fuel characteristics from long rotation poplar plantations
- 2023
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 178
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the key elements in this transition is the securing of a large supply of sustainable biomass. In this study, the feedstock potential of long rotation poplar plantations (12–30 years with diameter of 15 of 30 cm) was determined and the properties of poplar biomass fuel were analyzed with the aim of using thermochemical conversion methods to produce biofuel. Our results demonstrate that Sweden has great potential for producing biofuels from long rotation poplar plantations, with a total of 1.8 million hectares (ha) consisting of arable (0.5 million ha) and forested arable land (1.3 million ha). Based on available land and biomass production potential, our results indicate that 10 million Mg DW could be produced annually. Regions in mid/southern Sweden have the largest potential (larger areas and higher biomass production. Our results further suggest that poplar biomass from these plantations has fuel characteristics similar to forest fuels from other conifer tree species, making the biomass suitable as feedstock for biofuel production based on thermochemical conversion methods. If 25% of the available land were used, 7.6 TWh methanol biofuels could be produced annually from 16 biofuel plants, using 160,000 Mg DW yr−1, primarily located in the southern part of Sweden. Two counties (Skåne and Västra Götaland) would be able to support their biofuel plants using poplar plantations as feedstock. Stable biofuel production in the other counties would depend on collaborating with neighboring counties.
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| 6. |
- Böhlenius, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Liming increases early growth of poplars on forest sites with low soil pH
- 2020
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Poplars are traditionally grown on former agricultural land but forest land holds great potential for poplar production as the available area is large. However, knowledge of how to establish poplars on forestland is poor. This study investigates how soil treatments (mix, patch and mound) and liming influence early growth of poplars during the first four years after planting. Our results suggest that soil treatments have a limited effect on survival or growth of newly-established plants compared to plots with no soil treatments. Liming increased plant survival at the fourth year and highly increased plant height and diameter growth when combined with either patch or mounding soil treatments. At these treatments, application of lime resulted in plant heights of 200 cm at experimental site Vinsasen or 150 cm at site Tonnersjoheden and compared to plots without lime growth is doubled These results suggest that poplar plantations on acid forest land should be established with both soil treatments and application of lime. These practices can enable poplar plantations on forest sites, increasing the available area for poplar plantations in the boreal/nemoral regions. Our findings also encourage further investigations of the production potential of poplar plantation on forestland and identification of genetic material suitable for forest sites.
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| 7. |
- Cintas Sanchez, Olivia, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Geospatial supply-demand modeling of lignocellulosic biomass for electricity and biofuels in the European Union
- 2021
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2909 .- 0961-9534. ; 144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bioenergy can contribute to achieving European Union (EU) climate targets while mitigating impacts from current agricultural land use. A GIS-based modeling framework (1000 m resolution) is employed to match biomass supply (forest and agricultural residues, complemented by lignocellulosic energy crops where needed) with biomass demand for either electricity or bio-oil production on sites currently used for coal power in the EU-28, Norway, and Switzerland. The framework matches supply and demand based on minimizing the field-to-gate costs and is used to provide geographically explicit information on (i) plant-gate supply cost; (ii) CO2 savings; and (iii) potential mitigation opportunities for soil erosion, flooding, and eutrophication resulting from the introduction of energy crops on cropland. Converting all suitable coal power plants to biomass and assuming that biomass is sourced within a transport distance of 300 km, would produce an estimated 150 TW h biomass-derived electricity, using 1365 PJ biomass, including biomass from energy crops grown on 6 Mha. Using all existing coal power sites for bio-oil production in 100-MW pyrolysis units could produce 820 PJ of bio-oil, using 1260 PJ biomass, including biomass from energy crops grown on 1.8 Mha. Using biomass to generate electricity would correspond to an emissions reduction of 135 MtCO2, while using biomass to produce bio-oil to substitute for crude oil would correspond to a reduction of 59 MtCO2. In addition, energy crops can have a positive effect on soil organic carbon in most of the analyzed countries. The mitigation opportunities investigated range from marginal to high depending on location.
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| 8. |
- Das, Oisik, et al.
(författare)
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Flammability and mechanical properties of biochars made in different pyrolysis reactors
- 2021
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 152
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of pyrolysis reactors on the properties of biochars (with a focus on flammability and mechanical characteristics) were investigated by keeping factors such as feedstock, carbonisation temperature, heating rate and residence time constant. The reactors employed were hydrothermal, fixed-bed batch vertical and fixed-bed batch horizontal-tube reactors. The vertical and tube reactors, at the same temperature, produced biochars having comparable elemental carbon content, surface functionalities, thermal degradation pattern and peak heat release rates. The hydrothermal reactor, although, a low-temperature process, produced biochar with high fire resistance because the formed tarry volatiles sealed water inside the pores, which hindered combustion. However, the biochar from hydrothermal reactor had the lowest nanoindentation properties whereas the tube reactor-produced biochar at 300 °C had the highest nanoindentation-hardness (290 Megapascal) and modulus (ca. 4 Gigapascal) amongst the other tested samples. Based on the inherent flammability and mechanical properties of biochars, polymeric composites’ properties can be predicted that can include them as constituents.
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| 9. |
- Ekstrand, Eva-Maria, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Methane potentials and organic matter characterization of wood fibres from pulp and paper mills : The influence of raw material, pulping process and bleaching technique
- 2020
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 143
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the process of pulp- and papermaking, large volumes of fibre-rich primary sludge are generated. Anaerobic digestion of primary sludge offers a substantial potential for methane production as an alternative approach to the inefficient energy recoveries by commonly used incineration techniques. However, a systematic study of the importance of upstream process techniques for the methane potential of pulp fibres is lacking. Therefore, biochemical methane potentials were determined at mesophilic conditions for 20 types of fibres processed by a variety of pulping and bleaching techniques and from different raw materials. This included fibres from kraft, sulphite, semi-chemical, chemical thermo-mechanical (CTMP) and thermo-mechanical pulping plants and milled raw wood. The pulping technique was clearly important for the methane potential, with the highest potential achieved for kraft and sulphite fibres (390–400 Nml CH4 g VS−1). For raw wood and CTMP, hardwood fibres gave substantially more methane than the corresponding softwood fibres (240 compared to 50 Nml CH4 g VS−1 and 300 compared to 160 Nml CH4 g VS−1, respectively). Nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of the organic content demonstrated that the relative lignin content of the fibres was an important factor for methane production, and that an observed positive effect of bleaching on the methane potential of softwood CTMP fibres was likely related to a higher degree of deacetylation and improved accessibility of the hemicellulose. In conclusion, fibres from kraft and sulphite pulping are promising substrates for methane production irrespective of raw material or bleaching, as well as fibres from CTMP pulping of hardwood.
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| 10. |
- Enström, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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Wood chip supply from forest to port of loading – A simulation study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 152
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maritime transport facilitates trade with bioenergy feedstocks in the Baltic region. The study aims to provide guidance on efficient organisation of logistics at the port of loading for maritime transport of wood chips. The economic effects of using an intermediate terminal as opposed to direct delivery to port were studied, as well as the relationships between production capacity and storage capacity. Discrete-Event Simulation was used to analyse scenarios where a variable part of the volume is handled through the terminal. The total supply cost, including chipping, transportation, storage and handling at inland terminal and port, as well as loading of the ship, varied between €6.73 and 7.85 per MWh in the different scenarios. The volume passing through the terminal had a significant influence on total cost, showing a supply chain cost increase of €0.78 per m3 (approxi-mately €4.67 per dry tonne) for material delivered through the terminal. The difference in storage cost between port and inland terminal determines whether the terminal volumes affect costs, which was shown by a sensitivity analysis. Even so, the terminal offers a possibility to manage uncertainty, both in production rates and inshipping date, and influences the supply network. The main advantage of using a simulation technique for planning production and logistic flows is the visualisation of risks and margins.
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