| 1. |
- Ahlsson, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
-
Insulin Resistance, a Link between Maternal Overweight and Fetal Macrosomia in Nondiabetic Pregnancies
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Hormone research in paediatrics. - : S. Karger AG. - 1663-2818 .- 1663-2826. ; 74:4, s. 267-274
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background/Aims: During the last decades the number of large for gestational age infants delivered by nondiabetic mothers has increased. Our aim was to investigate to what extent fetal growth in nondiabetic pregnant women can be explained by rates of maternal energy substrate production and resting energy expenditure. Methods: Twenty nonsmoking pregnant women without impaired glucose tolerance and with a wide range of fetal weights (0.2-2.7 SDS) were investigated at 36 weeks of gestation. Maternal lipolysis, glucose production, resting energy expenditure, body composition and insulin resistance were assessed.Results: Median (range) glucose production rate was 805 (653-1,337) mumol/min and that of glycerol, reflecting lipolysis, was 214 (110-576) mumol/min. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that maternal fat mass explained 36% of the variation in insulin resistance, accounting for 62% of the variation in glucose production. Further, glucose production explained 31% of the variation in fetal weight. Resting energy expenditure explained 51% of the variation in estimated fetal weight. Conclusion: Fetal weight is dependent on maternal glucose production, which is in turn determined by the degree of insulin resistance, induced in part by the maternal fat mass. The variation in maternal resting energy expenditure is closely related to fetal weight.
|
|
| 2. |
- Andrade, AC, et al.
(författare)
-
Hormones and genes of importance in bone physiology and their influence on bone mineralization and growth in Turner syndrome
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Hormone research in paediatrics. - : S. Karger AG. - 1663-2826 .- 1663-2818. ; 73:3, s. 161-165
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This mini review summarizes papers presented in a Joint Symposium between the Bone, Growth Plate and Turner Syndrome Working Groups of the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) that was held on September 9, 2009, in New York.The program had been composed to give an update on hormones and genes of importance in bone physiology and their influence on bone mineralization and growth in Turner syndrome. This paper summarizes the data and highlights the main topics and discussions related to each presentation.
|
|
| 3. |
- David, A, et al.
(författare)
-
Acid-labile subunit deficiency and growth failure: description of two novel cases
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Hormone research in paediatrics. - : S. Karger AG. - 1663-2826 .- 1663-2818. ; 73:5, s. 328-334
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- <i>Background/Aims:</i> Mutations in the acid-labile subunit (ALS) gene <i>(IGFALS)</i> have been associated with circulating insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) deficiency and short stature. Whether severe pubertal delay is also part of the phenotype remains controversial due to the small number of cases reported. We report 2 children with a history of growth failure due to novel <i>IGFALS</i> mutations. <i>Methods:</i> The growth hormone receptor gene <i>(GHR)</i> and <i>IGFALS</i> were analyzed by direct sequencing. Ternary complex formation was studied by size exclusion chromatography. <i>Results:</i> Two boys of 13.3 and 10.6 years, with pubertal stages 2 and 1, had mild short stature (–3.2 and –2.8 SDS, respectively) and a biochemical profile suggestive of growth hormone resistance. No defects were identified in the <i>GHR</i>. Patient 1 was homozygous for the <i>IGFALS</i> missense mutation P73L. Patient 2 was a compound heterozygote for the missense mutation L134Q and a novel GGC to AG substitution at position 546–548 (546–548delGGCinsAG). The latter causes a frameshift and the appearance of a premature stop codon. Size exclusion chromatography showed no peaks corresponding to ternary and binary complexes in either patient. <i>Conclusion:</i> Screening of the <i>IGFALS</i> is important in children with short stature associated with low serum IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and ALS.
|
|
| 4. |
- Fossum, M, et al.
(författare)
-
Tissue-engineered transplants for the treatment of severe hypospadias
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Hormone research in paediatrics. - : S. Karger AG. - 1663-2826 .- 1663-2818. ; 73:2, s. 148-152
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The surgical treatment of severe hypospadias can be very challenging. In selected cases with severe lack of tissue, cultured autologous urothelial cells can be used to create a transplanted neourethra. The algorithm for using tissue-engineering techniques for the surgical repair of the male urethra includes 3 main steps. First, the autologous urothelial cells are harvested from the patient, e.g. by bladder washing through a catheter with sterile saline. Second, the cells are propagated and expanded in the laboratory environment. Finally, the cells are transplanted back to the patient in the final surgical repair. We have used this technique in a clinical setting in severe hypospadias. Transplants for creation of the neourethra were used ventrally in an on-lay fashion with remaining skin dorsally in the urethra. Our follow-up shows a good clinical result including data concerning voiding position, urinary flow, artificial erection, cosmetic appearance, urethroscopy and biopsies. Tissue-engineering techniques can, however, benefit from further improvement and, thus, be developed for additional applications. We conclude that in hypospadias repair with cultured autologous urothelial cells is an option for the surgical treatment when there is a lack of local tissue for the repair.
|
|
| 5. |
- Gracia-Marco, L, et al.
(författare)
-
Bone mass and bone metabolism markers during adolescence: The HELENA Study
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Hormone research in paediatrics. - : S. Karger AG. - 1663-2826 .- 1663-2818. ; 74:5, s. 339-350
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- <i>Background/Aims:</i> The assessment of bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) status in children and adolescents is important for health and the prevention of diseases. Bone metabolic activity could provide early information on bone mass development. Our aim was to describe bone mass and metabolism markers according to age and Tanner stage in adolescents. <i>Methods:</i> Spanish adolescents (n = 345; 168 males and 177 females) aged 12.5–17.5 years participated in this cross-sectional study. Body composition variables were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum osteocalcin (n = 101), aminoterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (n = 92) and β-isomerized C-telopeptides (β-CTX, n = 65) and urine samples (β-CTX; n = 237) were analyzed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. <i>Results:</i> Analysis of covariance showed that females had higher values for BMC and BMD in most of the regions. Both males and females had a significant decrease in bone markers while sexual maturation increases (all p < 0.05). Males had an increased bone turnover compared to females (all p < 0.05, except for urine β-CTX in Tanner ≤IV). <i>Conclusion:</i> Our results support the evidence of dimorphic site-specific bone accretion between sexes and show an increased bone turnover in males, suggesting higher metabolic activity.
|
|
| 6. |
- Lodefalk, Maria, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
-
Effects of fat supplementation on postprandial GIP, GLP-1, ghrelin and IGFBP-1 levels : a pilot study on adolescents with type 1 diabetes
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Hormone Research in Paediatrics. - Basel, Switzerland : S. Karger. - 1663-2818 .- 1663-2826. ; 73:5, s. 355-62
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: To compare the responses of GIP, GLP-1, ghrelin and IGFBP-1 between meals with different fat and energy content in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and to relate them to gastric emptying and glycaemia.Methods: On different days and in a random order, 7 adolescents with T1DM ingested a high- and low-fat meal (fat content: 38 and 2 g, energy content: 640 and 320 kcal, respectively). At normoglycaemia, the same prandial insulin dose was given at both meals and to all subjects. Postprandial blood samples were taken repeatedly over 4 hours. Gastric emptying was estimated by the paracetamol absorption method.Results: The area under the curve (AUC) for GIP(0-240 min) and for GLP-1(0-120 min) was larger, but smaller for relative ghrelin(0-240 min), after the high-fat meal (p = 0.002, 0.030 and 0.043, respectively). IGFBP-1 decreased significantly, but not differently, after the meals. Larger GLP-1 secretion correlated with slower gastric emptying (p = 0.029) and higher fasting ghrelin levels correlated with lower postprandial glycaemia (p = 0.007).Conclusion: In adolescents with T1DM, the postprandial responses of GIP, GLP-1 and ghrelin, but not that of IGFBP-1, depend more on meal size than on insulin.
|
|
| 7. |
- Proos, Lemm A., et al.
(författare)
-
Can the TW3 bone age determination method provide additional criteria for growth hormone treatment in adopted girls with early puberty? : A comparison of the Tanner-Whitehouse 3 method with the Greulich-Pyle and the Tanner-Whitehouse 2 methods
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Hormone research in pædiatrics. - : S. Karger AG. - 1663-2818 .- 1663-2826. ; 73:1, s. 35-40
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND/AIMS: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRHa) are the accepted treatment of idiopathic central precocious puberty. As it has been found that growth velocity may be decreased with GnRHa treatment, clinical trials with GnRHa combined with growth hormone (GH) have been carried out. In a recent study 46 adopted girls with early or precocious puberty were randomly assigned to treatment with either GnRHa or GnRHa combined with GH, and followed to final height (FH). It was found that FH was significantly higher in the combined treatment group, 158.9 compared with 155.8 cm in the GnRHa treated group. In order to select the patients who could benefit from added GH, predictions of FH at the start of treatment according to the methods of bone age determination of Greulich-Pyle (GP) and Tanner-Whitehouse 2 (TW2) were compared. It was found that the GP method was the most useful method for patient selection. Recently, a revision of the Tanner-Whitehouse method, named Tanner-Whitehouse 3 (TW3), has been developed. The present study examined the usefulness of the TW3 method in selecting suitable patients for combined treatment. METHOD: The TW3 method bone age determinations of the 46 girls were compared to the GP and TW2 method determinations, using the differences between actual FH and predicted adult height (PAH). Beside accuracy of prediction of FH, the criteria of efficiency of selection and replicability were applied in the comparison. RESULTS: We found that the GP method, also when compared to the TW3 method, gave the most accurate prediction of the FH on only GnRHa treatment. This gives the best ground for selection of patients who can benefit from combined treatment. The GP method was also the most efficient in selecting patients, i.e., it could select the least number of patients that needed the combined treatment. The only drawback of the GP method was that it requires an experienced pediatric radiologist. Automated methods are being developed and may soon facilitate the use of the GP method for those less experienced. The FH after combined treatment could be predicted with an equation including PAH GP as well as PAH TW3 as variables. CONCLUSION: The GP method remains the most useful method for selection of those patients who will benefit most from the addition of GH to GnRHa in the treatment of idiopathic central precocious or early puberty. FH prediction after combined treatment requires PAH GP as well as PAH TW3.
|
|
| 8. |
- Svechnikov, K, et al.
(författare)
-
Origin, development and regulation of human Leydig cells
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Hormone research in paediatrics. - : S. Karger AG. - 1663-2826 .- 1663-2818. ; 73:2, s. 93-101
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sex steroids are crucial regulators of sexual differentiation and the proper development of secondary sex characteristics and patterns of sexual behavior. Since Leydig cells are the primary major producers of these steroid hormones, maintenance of the normal functions of these cells determines the reproductive capacity and fertility of males. The present minireview discusses recent findings concerning endocrine and paracrine regulation of the proliferation, differentiation and involution of human Leydig cells. The physiology and function of the two distinct fetal and adult populations of human Leydig cells are described, with particular focus on the paracrine environment that triggers their differentiation and functional maturation. The roles of established and more recently discovered paracrine regulators of this maturation, including insulin-like factor 3, platelet-derived growth factor-α, desert hedgehog, ghrelin and leptin are considered. A brief description of the origin, ontogenesis and functional markers of human fetal and adult Leydig cells is presented.
|
|
