| 1. |
- Karlsson, Ida, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Reaching net-zero carbon emissions in construction supply chains - Analysis of a Swedish road construction project
- 2020
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Ingår i: Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 1364-0321 .- 1879-0690. ; 120
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent estimates suggest that the construction sector accounts for approximately one quarter of global CO2 emissions. This paper assesses the potential for reducing the climate impact of road construction. The study is structured as a participatory integrated assessment with involvement from key stakeholders in the supply chain, supported by energy and material flow mapping, an extensive literature review and a scenario analysis. The results indicate that it is technically possible to halve road construction CO2 emissions with today's best available technologies and practices, to abate more than three quarters of the emissions by 2030 and achieve close to net zero emissions by 2045. Realising the current potential would rely on sufficient availability of sustainably produced second-generation biofuels, indicating a need to speed up the implementation of alternative abatement measures, including optimization of material use and mass handling requirements, increased recycling of steel, asphalt and aggregates and enhanced use of alternative binders in concrete. Policy measures and procurement strategies should be aligned to support these measures with a clear supply chain focus. For deep decarbonization several key opportunities and obstacles for realisation of breakthrough technologies for basic industry are highlighted including electrification and carbon capture for steel and cement, and hybridisation and electrification for heavy transport and construction equipment. There is a clear need to prepare for deeper abatement and associated transformative shifts already now and to carefully consider the pathway of getting there while avoiding pitfalls along the way, such as overreliance on biofuels or cost optimizations which cannot be scaled up to the levels required.
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| 2. |
- Goop, Joel, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of electricity market feedback on investments in solar photovoltaic and battery systems in Swedish single-family dwellings
- 2021
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Ingår i: Renewable Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-1481 .- 1879-0682. ; 163, s. 1078-1091
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The profitability of investments in photovoltaics (PVs) and batteries in private households depends on the market price of electricity, which in turn is affected by the investments made in and the usage of PVs and batteries. This creates a feedback mechanism between the centralised electricity generation system, and household investments in PVs and batteries. To investigate this feedback effect, we connect a local optimisation model for household investments with a European power generation dispatch model. The local optimisation is based on the consumption profiles measured for 2104 Swedish households. The modelling compares three different scenarios for the centralised electricity supply system in Year 2032, as well as several sensitivity cases. Our results show total investment levels of 5–20 GWp of PV and 0.01–10 GWh of battery storage capacity in Swedish households in the investigated cases. These levels are up to 33% lower than before market feedback is taken into account. The profitability of PV investments is affected most by the price of electricity and the assumptions made regarding grid tariffs and taxes. The value of investments in batteries depends on both the benefits of increased self-consumption of PV electricity and market arbitrage.
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| 3. |
- Johnsson, Filip, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Delrapport B2. Elektrifieringens betydelse för omställningen - till Klimaträttsutredningen M 2019:05
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med denna studie är dels att peka på betydelsen av elektrifieringen som åtgärd för att nå Sveriges klimatmål, dels att utreda vad detta kan komma att innebära för den framtida elanvändningen. Eftersom industrin och transportsektorn idag står för de största utsläppen av växthusgaser ligger fokus för denna studie på en analys av elektrifieringens roll i dessa sektorer. Vi kan konstatera att elektrifiering som klimatåtgärd inom industri och transport har rönt stor uppmärksamhet under de senaste åren. Det handlar bland annat om att järn- och stålindustrin, som står för de största industriella utsläppen av koldioxid i Sverige, har aviserat ett antal projekt och investeringar som, om de realiseras, helt kommer att ställa om denna bransch, kraftigt minska utsläppen av växthusgaser och väsentligt bidra till en ökad elförbrukning. Även andra industribranscher har aviserat ambitioner att ersätta fossil bränsleanvändning med el och vätgas. Men utvecklingen berör också transportsektorn där försäljningen av elfordon har tagit ordentlig fart och där flertalet prognoser pekar på att majoriteten av nybilsförsäljningen av lätta fordon kommer att utgöras av laddbara fordon innan 2030. Om denna utveckling fortgår och förstärks enligt de planer och ambitioner som finns så bedöms Sverige, genom elektrifieringen, ha goda förutsättningar att nå sitt nettonollutsläppsmål till 2045. Elektrifiering är inte den enda åtgärden som erfordras för den klimatpolitiska omställningen utan kommer att ackompanjeras av andra åtgärder som exempelvis ökad användning av biobränslen och effektiviseringar. Däremot pekar väldigt mycket på att elektrifiering kan bli den enskilt viktigaste åtgärden för att omställningen ska ske tillräckligt snabbt och i tillräcklig omfattning. Det finns dock ett antal viktiga omständigheter som kan utgöra hinder för en ökad elektrifiering och, därmed på sikt, äventyra de svenska klimatmålen. En omfattande elektrifiering av det slag som sannolikt krävs, och som analyseras i denna rapport, innebär en infrastrukturell kraftansträngning inte minst med avseende på utbyggnad av elnätsinfrastruktur och elproduktion. Ledtiderna för sådana satsningar kan av flera skäl bli mycket långdragna. Detta bidrar till ökade osäkerheter och riskerar leda till att projekt som syftar till minskade växthusgasutsläpp men som kräver ansenliga mängder el inte blir av. En genomgång av olika studier indikerar att den svenska elanvändningen kan komma att i princip fördubblas till 2050 givet att elektrifieringen blir omfattande inom industri och transporter. En omfattande elektrifiering är i grund och botten en önskvärd utveckling med tanke på klimatutmaningen. Men denna utveckling kommer också att fordra en bred samhällelig uppslutning för att bli lyckosam.
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| 4. |
- Lehtveer, Mariliis, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Actuating the European Energy System Transition: Indicators for Translating Energy Systems Modelling Results into Policy-Making
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Energy Research. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-598X. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we define indicators, with a focus on the electricity sector, that translate the results of energy systems modelling to quantitative entities that can facilitate assessments of the transitions required to meet stringent climate targets. Such indicators, which are often overlooked in model scenario presentations, can be applied to make the modelling results more accessible and are useful for managing the transition on the policy level, as well as for internal evaluations of modelling results. We propose a set of 13 indicators related to: 1) the resource and material usages in modelled energy system designs; 2) the rates of transition from current to future energy systems; and 3) the energy security in energy system modelling results. To illustrate its value, the proposed set of indicators is applied to energy system scenarios derived from an electricity system investment model for Northern Europe. We show that the proposed indicators are useful for facilitating discussions, raising new questions, and relating the modelling results to Sustainable Development Goals and thus facilitate better policy processes. The indicators presented here should not be seen as a complete set, but rather as examples. Therefore, this paper represents a starting point and a call to other modellers to expand and refine the list of indicators.
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| 5. |
- Zetterberg, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Incentivizing BECCS - A Swedish Case Study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Climate. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-9553. ; 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Negative carbon dioxide (CO2)-emissions are prevalent in most global emissions pathways that meet the Paris temperature targets and are a critical component for reaching net-zero emissions in Year 2050. However, economic incentives supporting commercialization and deployment of BioEnergy Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) are missing. This Policy and Practice Review discusses five different models for creating incentives and financing for BECCS, using Sweden as an example: (1) governmental guarantees for purchasing BECCS outcomes; (2) quota obligation on selected sectors to acquire BECCS outcomes; (3) allowing BECCS credits to compensate for hard-to-abate emissions within the EU ETS; (4) private entities for voluntary compensation; and (5) other states acting as buyers of BECCS outcomes to meet their mitigation targets under the Paris Agreement. We conclude that successful implementation of BECCS is likely to require a combination of several of the Policy Models, implemented in a sequential manner. The governmental guarantee model (Model 1) is likely to be required in the shorter term, so as to establish BECCS. Policy Models 2 and 3 may become more influential over time once BECCS has been established and accepted. Model 3 links BECCS to a large carbon-pricing regime with opportunities for cost-effectiveness and expanded financing. We conclude that Policy Models 4 and 5 are associated with high levels of uncertainty regarding the timing and volume of negative emissions that can be expected—Thus, they are unlikely to trigger BECCS implementation in the short term, although may have roles in the longer term. Based on this study, we recommend that policymakers carefully consider a policy sequencing approach that is predictable and sustainable over time, for which further analyses are required. It is not obvious how such sequencing can be arranged, as the capacities to implement the different Policy Models are vested in different organizations (national governments, EU, private firms). Furthermore, it is important that a BECCS policy is part of an integrated climate policy framework, in particular one that is in line with policies aimed at the mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the creation of a circular economy. It will be important to ensure that BECCS and the associated biomass resource are not overexploited. A well-designed policy package should guarantee that BECCS is neither used to postpone the reduction of fossil fuel-based emissions nor overused in the short term as a niche business for “greenwashing” while not addressing fossil fuel emissions.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Fuss, Sabine, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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The BECCS Implementation Gap–A Swedish Case Study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Energy Research. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-598X. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The IPCC has assessed a variety of pathways that could still lead to achievement of the ambitious climate targets set in the Paris Agreement. However, the longer time that climate action is delayed, the more the achievement of this goal will depend on Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) technologies and practices. In the models behind these pathways, the main CDR technology is Bioenergy combined with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS). We review the role that BECCS could play in reaching net-zero targets based on the existing 1.5°C scenarios. Such scenarios presented in the literature typically have BECCS at a GtCO2 per year scale. We also assess the potentials and obstacles for BECCS implementation at the national level, applying Sweden as a case study. Given that BECCS deployment has scarcely started and, thus, is far from capturing 1 GtCO2 per year, with lead times on the scale of multiple years, we conclude that there will be a large implementation gap unless BECCS development is immediately intensified, emissions are reduced at a much faster pace or removals realized through other CDR measures. In the national case study, we show that Sweden has favorable conditions for BECCS in that it has large point sources of biogenic emissions, and that BECCS has been identified as one potential “supplementary measure” for reaching the Swedish target of net-zero emissions in 2045. Yet, work on planning for BECCS implementation has started only recently and would need to be accelerated to close the implementation gap between the present advancement and the targets for BECCS proposed in a recent public inquiry on the roles of supplementary measures. An assessment of two ramp-up scenarios for BECCS demonstrates that it should in principle be possible to reach the currently envisaged deployment scales, but this will require prompt introduction of political and economic incentives. The main barriers are thus not due to technological immaturity, but are rather of a socio-economic, political and institutional nature.
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| 8. |
- Hörbe Emanuelsson, Anna, 1995, et al.
(författare)
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The Cost to Consumers of Carbon Capture and Storage—A Product Value Chain Analysis
- 2023
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Ingår i: Energies. - 1996-1073 .- 1996-1073. ; 16:20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-cost abatement measures to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in the basic commodity industry is known to result in substantial increases in the production costs. Consequently, investments in such measures are lagging behind what is required to make deep emission cuts in line with the Paris Agreement. As high-cost abatement measures (such as Carbon Capture and Storage; CCS) are perceived as expensive for the basic commodity producer, this study investigates the impacts down-stream of the product value chain when assuming full cost pass-through (i.e., the cost increase related to basic commodity production is fully passed on down-stream of the product chain to the end-consumer). We investigate the effects on both costs, by means of a techno-economic assessment, and carbon footprints, using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), along the product value chain for the case of post-combustion CCS applied to the cement, pulp, Waste-to-Energy (WtE), and refinery industries, towards abating fossil- and process-related emissions and generating negative emissions. Here, we analyse the product value chains that involve cement to a high-speed railway, pulp to a disposable baby diaper, WtE in connection with housing and plastic products, and refineries to different transportation solutions (truck transport and air-freight). The results show that even though the costs for producing basic commodities can increase significantly (200% for cement, 75% for pulp, 230% for heat, and 6–37% for refinery products) when implementing CCS, the increases in prices for end-users are marginal (1% for the railway, 3% for the disposable baby diaper, 1% for the housing, 0.4% for truck transport and 2% for air-freight). Simultaneously, the carbon footprint associated with the end-use may be reduced by up to 36% for the railway, 31% for the diaper, 80% for the housing, and 3–23% for the refinery cases.
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| 9. |
- Johnsson, Filip, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Delrapport B1. Nyckelverksamheter i omställningen - Till Klimaträttsutredningen M 2019:05
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vårt uppdrag från Klimaträttsutredningen har bestått i att svara på om, samt på vilka grunder, man kan peka ut fysiska verksamheter som bedöms kunna vara avgörande för att målet om nettonollutsläpp ska kunna nås i Sverige. Det övergripande syftet med detta är att i så fall, i en tillståndsprövning, kunna ha möjligheten att låta dessa verksamheters potentiella klimatnytta i vissa fall väga tyngre än lokal miljöpåverkan eller andra samhällsmål. Som vi resonerar kring i rapporten vill vi särskilt understryka vikten av ett systemperspektiv i den omställning vi är inne i, samt de risker och utmaningar vi ser kopplat till att specifikt peka ut ett antal nyckelverksamheter som bör gynnas i tillståndsprövningar. Behovet av att klimatnyttan av en verksamhet ska kunna vägas in i en tillståndsprövning som gäller lokal miljöpåverkan är uppenbar men, enligt vår uppfattning, inte självklar med avseende på vilka kriterier som ska tillämpas. Vi har istället valt att föreslå ett begränsat antal (fyra) grupperingar av tekniker eller verksamheter – ”strategiska funktioner” – som vi anser är kritiska för att bidra till en effektiv klimatomställning i Sverige och för att uppnå Sveriges nationella klimatmål. Som vi beskriver i rapporten kan dessa strategiska funktioner omfatta ett antal olika tekniker och verksamheter, vilket vi ger exempel på under respektive grupp. Skälet till detta är att man då undviker att peka ut ett antal utvalda tekniker/verksamheter som särskilt viktiga, av orsaker vi resonerar kring i rapporten. Grupperingen i fyra kategorier av nyckelfunktioner ska därför ses som ett möjligt alternativ att svara på vad som skulle kunna ses som nyckelverksamheter i klimatomställningen. De kriterier som ska användas för respektive nyckelfunktion får då istället avgöras i den enskilda prövningen, men vi ger i rapporten ett antal exempel på förslag till kriterier som skulle kunna användas (även om de är långtifrån självklara, av skäl som vi också resonerar kring i rapporten).
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| 10. |
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