| 1. |
- Brodin, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Mechanical Behaviour and Microstructure Correlation in a Selective Laser Melted Superalloy
- 2013
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Ingår i: ASME Turbo Expo 2013. - : American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). - 9780791855195 ; , s. 1-7
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Selective laser melting (SLM), or, as the industry standard denotes the process, laser sintering, is an additive manufacturing process where metal powder is melted by a laser source layer-wise, forming a solid, dense metallic component. With the SLM process, near net shape components can be manufactured directly from a CAD model. The model is sliced into thin (max 100μm thick) layers. Powder is spread onto a metallic build platform and the powder is fused by a laser as dictated by the CAD model. The laser energy is intense enough to permit full melting (welding) of the particles to form solid metal. The process is repeated layer by layer until the part is complete.A number of materials are available, including steel, aluminium, titanium and, in recent time, also superalloys. The material investigated in the current project is an alloy in agreement with the composition of Haynes International Hastelloy X, a solution strengthened superalloy typically used in large welded components exposed to high temperatures in oxidizing as well as reducing environments.Microstructurally, the material is different from both a hot-rolled, as well as a cast material due to the manufacturing process. Since the SLM process involves laser melting of powder particles in the size range of <50μm, the structure resembles of a weld structure, however on a smaller scale. Due to the layer-by-layer build strategy, the material will exhibit anisotropy. Different heat treatment approaches can be adopted in order to homogenize the material and to minimize the effect of anisotropy. A stress relieve heat treatment was adopted and compared to the findings of the as manufactured SLM material.The current project focuses on evaluating mechanical properties for a material manufactured by the SLM process and comparing to data for established manufacturing processes. For evaluation of the mechanical properties, low cycle fatigue testing and tensile testing has been performed. The microstructure and material deformation / cracking are evaluated by light optical microscopy and SEM, where electron backscatter diffraction is used. Due to the weld-like structure, the material will be transversely isotropic in the as-manufactured condition with one symmetry plane perpendicular to the build direction. Any direction perpendicular to the build direction tends to give increased strength compared to a direction parallel to the build direction if monotonic data are concerned. If fatigue properties are concerned, the anisotropy is also obvious. It is shown that the differences in behaviour can be coupled to microstructure.
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| 2. |
- Calmunger, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Damage and Fracture Behaviours in Advanced Heat Resistant Materials During Slow Strain Rate Test at High Temperature
- 2013
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- As a renewable energy resource, biomass or biomass co-firing in coal-fired power plants with high efficiency are desired which corresponding to elevated temperature and high pressure. An upgrade of the material performance to austenitic stainless steels is therefore required in order to meet the increased demands due to the higher temperature and the more corrosive environment. These materials suffer from creep and fatigue damage during the service. In this study, these behaviours are evaluated using slow strain rate testing (SSRT) with strain rate down to 1*10-6/s at temperature up to 700°C. The influence of temperature and strain rate on strength and ductility in one austenitic stainless steel and one nickel base alloys are investigated. The damage and fracture due to the interaction between moving dislocations and precipitates are studied using electron channelling contrast imaging (ECCI) and electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD). The deformation and damage mechanisms active during SSRT are essentially the same as under creep. The influence of dynamic strain ageing (DSA) phenomena that appears in the tested temperature and strain rate regime is also discussed, DSA is intensified by increased temperature and decreased strain rate.
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| 3. |
- Calmunger, Mattias
(författare)
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High-Temperature Behaviour of Austenitic Alloys : Influence of Temperature and Strain Rate on Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Development
- 2013
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The global increase in energy consumption and the global warming from greenhouse gas emission creates the need for more environmental friendly energy production processes. Biomass power plants with higher efficiency could generate more energy but also reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, e.g. CO2. Biomass is the largest global contributor to renewable energy and offers no net contribution of CO2 to the atmosphere. One way to increase the efficiency of the power plants is to increase temperature and pressure in the boiler parts of the power plant.The materials used for the future biomass power plants, with higher temperature and pressure, require improved properties, such as higher yield strength, creep strength and high-temperature corrosion resistance. Austenitic stainless steels and nickel-base alloys have shown good mechanical and chemical properties at the operation temperatures of today’s biomass power plants. However, the performance of austenitic stainless steels at the future elevated temperatures is not fully understood.The aim of this licentiate thesis is to increase our knowledge about the mechanical performance of austenitic stainless steels at the demanding conditions of the new generation power plants. This is done by using slow strain rate tensile deformation at elevated temperature and long term hightemperature ageing together with impact toughness testing. Microscopy is used to investigate deformation, damage and fracture behaviours during slow deformation and the long term influence of temperature on toughness in the microstructure of these austenitic alloys. Results show that the main deformation mechanisms are planar dislocation deformations, such as planar slip and slip bands. Intergranular fracture may occur due to precipitation in grain boundaries both in tensile deformed and impact toughness tested alloys. The shape and amount of σ-phase precipitates have been found to strongly influence the fracture behaviour of some of the austenitic stainless steels. In addition, ductility is affected differently by temperature depending on alloy tested and dynamic strain ageing may not always lead to a lower ductility.
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| 4. |
- Calmunger, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of High Temperature Ageing on the Toughness of Advanced Heat Resistant Materials
- 2013
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Advanced biomass, biomass co-firing in coal-fired and future advanced USC coal-fired power plants with high efficiency require the materials to be used at even higher temperature under higher pressure. The reliability and integrity of the material used are therefore of concern. In this study, the influence of ageing at temperatures up to 700°C for up to 3 000 hours on the toughness of two advanced heat resistant austenitic steels and one nickel alloy are investigated. The influence on toughness due to differences in the chemical composition as well as the combined effect of precipitation and growth of the precipitates has been analysed by using SEM techniques. The fracture mechanisms that are active for the different ageing treatments are identified as a function of temperature and time. Local approach methods are used to discuss the influence of the precipitation and growth of precipitates on the toughness or fracture in the different aged materials.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Eriksson, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Cyclic Hot Corrosion of Thermal Barrier Coatings and Overlay Coatings
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, GT2013. - : The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). - 9780791855188 ; , s. 1-8
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence, and interdependence, of water vapor and Na2SO4–50 mol% NaCl on the oxidation of a NiCoCrAlY coating and a thermal barrier coating (TBC) were studied at 750 °C. Water vapor was found to have a negligible effect on oxide composition, but influenced the oxide morphology on the NiCoCrAlY coating. Na2SO4–50 mol% NaCl deposits on the coatings influencedoxide composition, most notably by the promotion of a Y rich phase. The effect of Na2SO4–50 mol% NaCl deposits was also evident for the TBC coated specimen, where the formed metal/ceramic interface oxide was affected by salt reaching the interface by penetration of the zirconia TBC.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Eriksson, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of substrate material on the life of atmospheric plasmas prayed thermal barrier coatings
- 2013
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Ingår i: Surface & Coatings Technology. - : Elsevier. - 0257-8972 .- 1879-3347. ; 232:15, s. 795-803
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are used in gas turbines to prolong the life of the underlying substrates and to increase the efficiency of the turbines by enabling higher combustion temperatures. TBCs may fail during service due to thermal fatigue or through the formation of non-protective thermally grown oxides (TGOs). This study compares two atmospheric plasma sprayed (APS) TBC systems comprising of two identical TBCs deposited on two different substrates (Haynes 230 and Hastelloy X). The thermal fatigue life was found to differ between the two TBC systems. The interdiffusion of substrate elements into the coating was more pronounced in the TBC system with shorter life, however, very few of the substrate elements (only Mn and to some extent Fe) formed oxides in the bond coat/top coat interface. Fractography revealed no differences in the fracture behaviour of the TBCs; the fracture occurred, in both cases, to about 60% in the top coat close to the interface and the remainder in the interface. Nanoindentation revealed only small differences in mechanical properties between the TBC systems and a finite element crack growth analysis showed that such small differences did not cause any significant change in the crack driving force. The oxidation kinetics was found to be similar for both TBC systems for the formation of Al2O3 but differed for the kinetics of non-Al2O3 TGOs where the TBC system with shortest life had a faster formation of non-Al2O3 TGOs caused by a faster Al depletion. The difference in non-Al2O3 TGO growth kinetics was considered to be the main reason for the difference in life.
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| 10. |
- Eriksson, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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TBC bond coat-top coat interface roughness : influence on fatigue life and modelling aspects
- 2013
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Ingår i: Surface & Coatings Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0257-8972 .- 1879-3347. ; 236, s. 230-238
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), when used in gas turbines, may fail through thermal fatigue, causing the ceramic top coat to spall off the metallic bond coat. The life prediction of TBCs often involves finite element modelling of the stress field close to the bond coat/top coat interface and thus relies on accurate modelling of the interface. The present research studies the influence of bond coat/top coat interface roughness on the thermal fatigue life of plasma sprayed TBCs. By using different spraying parameters, specimens with varying interface roughness were obtained. During thermal cycling it was found that higher interface roughness promoted longer thermal fatigue life. The interfaces were characterised by roughness parameters, such as Ra, Rq and Rq, as well as by autocorrelation, material ratio curves, probability plots and slope distribution. The variation of spray parameters was found to affect amplitude parameters, such as Ra, but not spacing parameters, such as RSm. Three different interface geometries were tried for finite element crack growth simulation: cosine, ellipse and triangular shape. The cosine model was found to be an appropriate interface model and a procedure for obtaining the necessary parameters, amplitude and wavelength, was suggested. The positive effect of high roughness on life was suggested to be due to a shift from predominantly interface failure, for low roughness, to predominantly top coat failure, for high roughness.
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