| 1. |
- Aaby, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Vaccinia scars associated with better survival for adults. An observational study from Guinea-Bissau
- 2006
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Ingår i: Vaccine. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2518 .- 0264-410X. ; 24:29-30, s. 5718-5718
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Live vaccines including BCG and measles may have non-targeted beneficial effects on childhood survival in areas with high mortality. The authors therefore undertook a survey of vaccinia scars to evaluate subsequent mortality. SUBJECTS: Based on a population census, a cohort of 1893 adults in urban Guinea-Bissau was examined in 1998 and followed until 2002. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: All cause mortality, excluding accidents. RESULTS: The median age of vaccinia vaccinations had been 16-18 years. Adults with a vaccinia scar had a mortality ratio (MR) of 0.60 (0.41-0.87) compared to those without any scar. The effect was stronger for women. Mortality decreased with each additional vaccinia scar (MR=0.73 (0.56-0.95)). Among 502 individuals with information on HIV infection, the age-adjusted HIV-2 prevalence was 2.45 (1.06-5.65) for those with a vaccinia scar. Control for district, ethnic group, schooling, place of birth, quality of housing and HIV status had little effect on the estimate. Since vaccinia and BCG scars could have been confused, mortality for adults with vaccinia and/or BCG scar was compared to those without, the MR being 0.61 (0.41-0.89). CONCLUSION: Known cultural or socio-economic factors possibly associated with access to vaccination had no influence on the mortality ratio for having a vaccinia scar. Hence, vaccinia vaccination may have a prolonged beneficial effect on adult survival.
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| 2. |
- Abaravicius, Juozas, et al.
(författare)
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Analysing Load Demand in Households
- 2006
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Ingår i: Energy Efficiency in Domestic Appliances and Lighting (EEDAL) conference proceeding. - 9789279027529
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The importance of load demand variation, when analysing energy and environmental impact of residential energy use, is increasing. Load demand in residential houses is a significant contributor to peak load problems experienced by utilities. The knowledge about demand variation in households is limited as well as the use of methodologies to analyse the demand is. Many utilities have recently installed interval (hourly) metering at their residential customers. The availability of this data is a big step forward, however, our experience show that the utilities use this data only to a limited extent, mostly for billing purposes only. This study aims to discuss the ways and benefits of using this valuable end-use data. There are several established load analysis tools, such as load curve, typical load curve, load duration curve, load factor, superposition factor, etc., which utilities could apply and develop. Among other benefits, the hourly load data analysis can provide the detailed characteristics of load demand in households, define the consumption patterns and can help to identify the main contributors to the utility peaks. This information is essential when developing new energy services, appropriate pricing, load management strategies and demand response programs. This paper analyses strengths and weaknesses of different analysis tools, the knowledge they could give, how applicable they are and what value they could have for the utility and the customer. The study is exemplified with ten “real world” cases in Southern Sweden, where the households with electric space heating and hot water systems are analysed.
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| 3. |
- Abaravicius, Juozas, et al.
(författare)
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Load Management from an Environmental Perspective
- 2006
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Ingår i: Energy & Environment. - : SAGE Publications. - 0958-305X .- 2048-4070. ; 17:4, s. 583-601
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The key objective of this study is to discuss the possible environmental benefits of load management and evaluate their significance, primarily focusing on CO2 emissions reduction. The analysis is carried out on two levels: National – the Swedish electricity market, and local – one electric utility in southern Sweden. The results show the importance of considering the influence of site-specific or level-specific conditions on the environmental effects of load management. On the national level, load management measures can hardly provide significant environmental benefits in Sweden, due to the high hydropower production, which is the demand following production source. Emission reductions will rather be the result of energy efficiency measures, which will lower the load demand as well as the energy demand. However, when it comes to a local (utility) level, where load management is considered as an alternative to an installation of a peak diesel power plant, the benefits are clear.
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| 4. |
- Abaravicius, Juozas, et al.
(författare)
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More or Less about Data - Analyzing Load Demand in Residential Houses
- 2006
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Ingår i: [Host publication title missing].
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Load demand in residential houses is a significant contributor to peak load problems experienced by utilities. The knowledge about demand variation in households is fairly limited as well as the use of various tools to analyze the demand. Many utilities have recently installed interval (hourly) metering at their residential customers. The availability of hourly data is a significant progress, however, the utilities use this data only to a limited extent, mostly for billing purposes only. This study aims to discuss the possibilities and the benefits of using this valuable data. There are several established load analysis tools, such as load curve, typical load curve, load duration curve, load factor, superposition factor, etc., which utilities could apply and develop to provide feedback to small electricity users. Among other benefits, the hourly load data analysis can provide the detailed characteristics of load demand, define the consumption patterns and can help to identify which households contribute most to the utility peaks. This information is essential when developing new energy services, appropriate pricing, load management strategies and demand response programs. Through the analysis of strengths and weaknesses of different load analysis tools, this paper defines the knowledge they could give, how applicable they are and what value they could have both for the utility and the residential customer. The study is exemplified with ten cases of households with electric space heating in Southern Sweden.
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| 5. |
- Abbott, Jessica
(författare)
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Ontogeny and Population Biology of a Sex-Limited Colour Polymorphism
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study has involved investigation of number of populations of the damselfly Ischnura elegans over several years, looking at frequency changes over time, morphological differences between the sexes and the morphs, differences in growth rate and development time, differences in fecundity between the morphs, and genetic differentiation between populations. I. elegans is a small annual damselfly with three female colour morphs (Androchrome, Infuscans, and Infuscans-obsoleta), one of which (the Androchrome) is considered a male mimic; males are monomorphic. Empirically estimated selection coefficients were used in a population genetic and dynamic model with environmental variation which predicted coexistence of the three morphs. This suggests that negative frequency-dependence on fecundity mediated by male mating harassment is sufficient to explain coexistence of the morphs. Field data also showed that fecundity decreased with increasing frequency in the population for all three morphs. Investigation of sexual dimorphism revealed that the sexes differed in development time, growth rates, and adult size and shape and that sexual size dimorphism is produced in I. elegans by a combination of development time and development rate acting in concert. The female morphs also differed in development time, growth rates, and adult size and shape, although in this case effects of development time and development rate cancelled each other out. In addition, male-like body shape had a negative effect on fecundity in Infuscans-obsoleta females but not in Androchrome or Infuscans females. Quantitative genetic parameters for morphological traits showed that an evolutionary response to selection on body shape is possible. Comparisons of Fst-values and the lack of isolation by distance both suggest that this is a highly dynamic non-equilibrium system, and genetic diversity appears to be influenced by wind direction. The results in this study indicate that the morphs are subject to negative frequency-dependent selection via male mating harassment, and that the differences between the morphs are part of their identity as alternative adaptive strategies.
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| 6. |
- Abdallah, J., et al.
(författare)
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A determination of the centre-of-mass energy at LEP2 using radiative two-fermion events
- 2006
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal C. Particles and Fields. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6044 .- 1434-6052. ; 46:2, s. 295-305
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using e(+)e(-) -> mu(+)mu(-)(gamma) and e(+)e(-) -> q (q) over bar(gamma) events radiative to the Z pole, DELPHI has determined the centre-of-mass energy, root s, using energy and momentum constraint methods. The results are expressed as deviations from the nominal LEP centre-of-mass energy, measured using other techniques. The results are found to be compatible with the LEP Energy Working Group estimates for a combination of the 1997 to 2000 data sets.
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| 7. |
- Abdallah, J., et al.
(författare)
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A measurement of the tau hadronic branching ratios
- 2006
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal C. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6044 .- 1434-6052. ; 46:1, s. 1-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The exclusive and semi-exclusive branching ratios of the tau lepton hadronic decay modes (h(-)upsilon(tau), h(-)pi(0)upsilon(tau), h(-)pi(0)pi(0)upsilon(tau), h(-) >= 2 pi(0)nu(tau), 2h(-)h(+)upsilon(tau), 2h(-)h(+)>= 2 pi(0)upsilon(tau), 3h(-)2h(+)upsilon(tau) and 3h(-)2h(+) >= 1 pi(0)upsilon(tau)) were measured with data from the DELPHI detector at LEP.
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| 8. |
- Abdallah, J, et al.
(författare)
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Determination of heavy quark non-perturbative parametersfrom spectral moments in semileptonic B decays
- 2006
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal C. Particles and Fields. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6044 .- 1434-6052. ; 45:1, s. 35-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Moments of the hadronic invariant mass and of the lepton energy spectra in semileptonic B decays have been determined with the data recorded by the DELPHI detector at LEP. From measurements of the inclusive b-hadron semileptonic decays, and imposing constraints from other measurements on b- and c-quark masses, the first three moments of the lepton energy distribution and of the hadronic mass distribution, have been used to determine parameters which enter into the extraction of vertical bar V-cb vertical bar from the measurement of the inclusive b-hadron semileptonic decay width. The values obtained in the kinetic scheme are: m(b)(1 GeV) = 4.591 +/- 0.062 +/- 0.039 +/- 0.005 GeV/c(2), m(c)(1 GeV) = 1.170 +/- 0.093 +/- 0.055 +/- 0.005 GeV/c(2), m(pi)(2) (1 GeV) = 0.399 +/- 0.048 +/- 0.034 +/- 0.087 GeV2, (p) over tilde (3)(D) = 0.053 +/- 0.017 +/- 0.011 +/- 0.026 GeV3, and include corrections at order 1/m(b)(3). Using these results, and present measurements of the inclusive semileptonic decay partial width of b-hadrons at LEP, an accurate determination of vertical bar V-cb vertical bar is obtained: vertical bar V-cb vertical bar = 0.0421 x (1 +/- 0.014 (meas center dot) +/- 0.014 (fit) +/- 0.015 (th center dot)).
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| 9. |
- Abdallah, J., et al.
(författare)
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Determination of the b quark mass at the M-Z scale with the DELPHI detector at LEP
- 2006
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal C. Particles and Fields. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6044 .- 1434-6052. ; 46:3, s. 569-583
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An experimental study of the normalized three-jet rate of b quark events with respect to light quarks events (light = l equivalent to u, d, s) has been performed using the CAMBRIDGE and DURHAM jet algorithms. The data used were collected by the DELPHI experiment at LEP on the Z peak from 1994 to 2000. The results are found to agree with theoretical predictions treating mass corrections at next-to-leading order. Measurements of the b quark mass have also been performed for both the b pole mass: M-b and the b running mass: m(b)(M-Z). Data are found to be better described when using the running mass. The measurement yields: m(b)(M-Z) = 2.85 +/- 0.18(stat) +/- 0.13(exp) +/- 0.19(had) +/- 0.12(theo) GeV/c(2). for the CAMBRIDGE algorithm. This result is the most precise measurement of the b mass derived from a high energy process. When compared to other b mass determinations by experiments at lower energy scales, this value agrees with the prediction of quantum chromodynamics for the energy evolution of the running mass. The mass measurement is equivalent to a test of the flavour independence of the strong coupling constant with an accuracy of 7 parts per thousand.
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| 10. |
- Abdallah, J., et al.
(författare)
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Evidence for an excess of soft photons in hadronic decays of Z(0)
- 2006
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal C. Particles and Fields. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6044 .- 1434-6052. ; 47:2, s. 273-294
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soft photons inside hadronic jets converted in front of the DELPHI main tracker (TPC) in events of qq disintegrations of the Z(0) were studied in the kinematic range 0.2 < E-y < I GeV and transverse momentum with respect to the closest jet direction P-T < 80 MeV/c. A clear excess of photons in the experimental data as compared to the Monte Carlo predictions is observed. This excess (uncorrected for the photon detection efficiency) is (1.17 +/- 0.06 +/- 0.27) x 10(-3) gamma/jet in the specified kinematic region, while the expected level of the inner hadronic bremsstrahlung (which is not included in the Monte Carlo) is (0.340 +/- 0.001 +/- 0.038) X 10(-3) gamma/jet. The ratio of the excess to the predicted bremsstrahlung rate is then (3.4 +/- 0.2 +/- 0.8), which is similar in strength to the anomalous soft photon signal observed in fixed target experiments with hadronic beams.
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