| 1. |
- Heitmann, Berit L, et al.
(author)
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Dietary underreporting by obese individuals--is it specific or non-specific?
- 1995
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In: British Medical Journal. ; 311, s. 986-989
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Danish Epidemiology Science Centre, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark. OBJECTIVE--To examine the distribution of patterns of macronutrient density in relation to obesity. DESIGN--Cross sectional. SETTING--Denmark. SUBJECTS--323 men and women aged 35-65 years, selected randomly from a larger population sample of Danish adults. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Bias in dietary reporting of energy and protein intake in relation to percentage body fat, assessed by comparison of data from an interview on dietary intake with data estimated from 24 hour nitrogen output, validated by administering p-aminobenzoic acid, and estimated 24 hour energy expenditure. RESULTS--Degree of obesity was positively associated with underreporting of total energy and protein, whereas compared with total energy reported, protein was overreported by the obese subjects. CONCLUSION--Errors in dietary reporting of protein seem to occur disproportionately with respect to total energy, suggesting a differential reporting pattern of different foods. Although, on average, all subjects showed a greater underreporting of energy than of protein, this was most common in the obese subjects. Snack-type foods may be preferentially forgotten when obese people omit food items in dietary reporting. These results seem to agree with the general assumption that obese people tend to underreport fatty foods and foods rich in carbohydrates rather than underreport their total dietary intake. These results may have implications for the interpretation of studies of diet and comorbidities related to obesity. PMID: 7580640 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 2. |
- Heitmann, Berit L, et al.
(author)
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Genetic effects on weight change and food intake in Swedish adult twins
- 1999
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In: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. ; 69, s. 597-602
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Danish Epidemiology Science Centre at the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen Hospital Corporation, Municipal Hospital of Copenhagen. bette@glostruphosp.kbhamt.dk BACKGROUND: Obesity is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Additionally, synergistic effects of genes and environments may be important in the development of obesity. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to test for genetic effects on food consumption frequency, food preferences, and their interaction with subsequent weight gain. DESIGN: Complete data on the frequencies of consumption of 11 foods typical of the Swedish diet were available for 98 monozygotic and 176 dizygotic twin pairs aged 25-59 y who are part of the Swedish Twin Registry. The data were collected in 1973 as part of a questionnaire study. Body mass index was measured in 1973 and again in 1984. RESULTS: There was some evidence that genetic effects influenced the frequency of intake of some foods. Similarity among monozygotic twins exceeded that among dizygotic twins for intake of flour and grain products and fruit in men and women, intake of milk in men, and intake of vegetables and rice in women, suggesting that genes influence preferences for these foods. Analyses conducted for twins reared together and apart also suggested greater monozygotic than dizygotic correlations, but cross-twin, cross-trait correlations were all insignificant, suggesting that the genes that affect consumption frequencies are not responsible for mediating the relation between the frequency of intake and weight change. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic effects and the frequency of intake are independently related to change in body mass index. However, there was no suggestion of differential genetic effects on weight gain that were dependent on the consumption frequency of the foods studied. PMID: 10197559 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 3. |
- Lissner, Lauren, 1956, et al.
(author)
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Dietary fat and obesity: evidence from epidemiology
- 1995
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In: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. ; 49 (2), s. 79-90
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Department of Internal Medicine, Göteborg University, Sweden. The epidemiological evidence that a high-fat diet promotes the development of obesity is considered suggestive but not definitive. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of various epidemiological methods that have been used to address this issue as well as an updated summary of the existing evidence. Ecological studies describing dietary fat intake and obesity at the population level provide mixed results and are likely to be biased by both confounding and unknown data quality factors that differ systematically across the populations studied. Cross-sectional studies are generally in agreement that the concentration of fat in the diet is positively associated with relative weight. Prospective studies of diet in relation to subsequent weight change give inconsistent results. This may be due to behavioural factors such as dieting in response to weight gain; in addition, this type of study rarely takes into account the possible interaction between genetic predisposition and dietary fat in promoting weight gain. Finally, intervention studies in free-living subjects are considered, providing evidence of a consistent but short-lived period of active weight loss on low-fat diets. The experimental evidence on this relationship is more conclusive than the epidemiological evidence, although biological mechanisms remain controversial. Some areas for future epidemiological research involve: longitudinal studies of dietary fat intake as a predictor of growth in children; observational studies relating total dietary fat and specific types of fat to overall as well as regional adiposity; and randomized intervention studies of the effect of low-fat diets with particular emphasis on and familial predisposition to obesity and other possible modifying factors. PMID: 7743988 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 4. |
- Lissner, Lauren, 1956, et al.
(author)
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Low-fat diets may prevent weight gain in sedentary women: prospective observations from the population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden
- 1997
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In: Obesity Research. ; 5, s. 43-48
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Department of Primary Health Care, Göteborg University, Sweden. The Population Study of Women in Gothenburg, Sweden is an ongoing prospective study of female residents who were recruited from the local registry in 1968-1969 when they were 38-60 years old. The data presented here were collected from 361 healthy women who underwent a baseline physical examination including a supplementary dietary history interview and returned for a second general health examination 6 years later. This report identifies a subgroup of 57 women who were sedentary during their leisure time and appear to have been particularly susceptible to gaining weight as a function of the fat content of their diets. Specifically, longitudinal analysis of body weights in the whole sample revealed a statistical interaction between leisure-time physical activity and habitual dietary fat intake (energy%), as reported at the baseline examination, in the prediction of subsequent weight change. Further stratified analysis suggested that weight changes were significantly dependent on dietary fat intake among the sedentary women only. High energy intake also predicted weight gain in the sedentary group, although the predictive value for a high-fat diet was of marginal significance after adjusting for total energy consumption. These results suggest that sedentary recreational activity plus a low-fat diet may have a combined contribution to weight change that is not equivalent to the sum of the separate effects. Such a synergy between two modifiable lifestyle factors seems highly relevant for prevention of obesity. PMID: 9061715 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 5. |
- Lissner, Lauren, 1956, et al.
(author)
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Secular increases in waist-hip ratio among Swedish women
- 1998
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In: International Journal of Obesity. ; 22, s. 1116-1120
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Sweden. INTRODUCTION: Secular increases in obesity have been documented in numerous populations. However, little is known about trends in fat distribution. Because men and women with elevated waist-hip ratios (WHR) constitute a high cardiovascular risk group, it is relevant to document secular changes in WHR. This paper compares WHR in three cohorts of women, one cohort recruited in the late 1960s and the others after 12 y and 24 y intervals. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In 1968-1969, a randomly selected sample of women aged of 38 y and 50 y, was given anthropometric examinations (n = 761, total). The same measurements were taken on representative cohorts aged 38 y and 50 y in 1980-1981 (n = 677) and 1992-1993 (n = 167). All analyses of trends in WHR as a function of time are age-specific and body mass index (BMI)-adjusted. RESULTS: An interesting feature of this population is that BMI was stable from 1968-1969 to 1992-1993. However, WHR increased significantly in those aged 38 y and 50 y, independent of BMI (P = 0.001, both ages). The source of these changes in WHR was a combination of increasing waist circumferences and decreasing hip circumferences. Skinfold measurements, taken only at the first two examinations, also increased significantly. CONCLUSIONS: This female population appears to have experienced some changes in body shape and composition. However, we cannot explain the increasingly centralized fat patterning by changes in BMI, subcutaneous skinfold thickness or those obesity-related aspects of the modern lifestyle that we were able to measure. PMID: 9822951 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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