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- Almgren, T., et al.
(författare)
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Stroke and coronary heart disease in treated hypertension -- a prospective cohort study over three decades
- 2005
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Ingår i: J Intern Med. - 0954-6820. ; 257:6, s. 496-502
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To compare cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in middle-aged hypertensive men with initially nonhypertensive men derived from the same random population sample, and to study stroke morbidity in these men in relation to cardiovascular risk factors during 25-28 years of follow-up. DESIGN: Prospective, population-based observational study in men where the main intervention effort was directed towards treatment of hypertension in a special outpatient clinic. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 754 hypertensive men aged 47-55 years at screening were compared with 6740 men with normal blood pressure. The hypertensive men got stepped care treatment with either beta-blockers, thiazide diuretics, or combination treatment including vasodilating agents during the whole observational period. Data on cause-specific mortality and morbidity, and all cause mortality were obtained from patient files and the national registers on mortality and hospital admissions respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Baseline and change of cardiovascular risk factors during the first 15 years of follow-up and all cause mortality, and mortality and morbidity from stroke and coronary heart disease during 25-28 years. RESULTS: Treated hypertensive men had their blood pressure reduced with 21/15 mmHg during the first 5 years of the study and mean blood pressure levels were then rather constant. A minor reduction of serum cholesterol was also observed and a significant reduction in the prevalence of smoking. Treated hypertensive men suffered a substantial increased incidence of cardiovascular complications that escalated during the latter course of the study. Their total incidence of stroke was doubled; they had 50% more myocardial infarctions (MIs); mortality from coronary heart disease was doubled and all cause mortality was increased by a third, compared with nonhypertensive. In multiple regression analysis the incidence of stroke was significantly related to smoking and diabetes at entry and in time-dependent Cox's regression analysis it was significantly related only to smoking. There was no relationship observed between achieved systolic or diastolic blood pressure and the risk of stroke or MI nor was there any relationship between the change in blood pressure and such cardiovascular complications. CONCLUSION: In spite of a substantial reduction of their blood pressure, treated hypertensive middle-aged men had a highly increased risk of stroke, MI and mortality from coronary heart disease compared with nonhypertensive men of similar age. The increased risk of cardiovascular complications escalated during the latter course of the study.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Ove, et al.
(författare)
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A high-pressure study of PMMA-based gels with and without TiO2 nano-particle filler: a filler induced change in the activation volume
- 2005
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Ingår i: Electrochimica Acta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0013-4686. ; 50:16-17, s. 3217-3223
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ionic conductivity σ of PMMA-based gels with and without nano-particle filler has been investigated at elevated pressure up to 0.9 GPa and in the temperature range 220-330 K to determine the effect of pressure and to obtain the activation volume. Both gels had molar ratios: EC:PC:LiClO 4 :PMMA 53.9:22:5.2:18.9, and one gel contained 8 wt.% TiO 2 nano-particles. At room temperature and atmospheric pressure, the conductivity of the gel with filler is almost the same as that for the gel without filler. At increasing pressure p, σ(p) for both gels exhibits an abrupt change, which is associated with a transition, and consequently there is a pressure induced change in the activation volume for both gels. The activation volume ΔV * in low-pressure state is the same for the gels with and without filler and about 14 cm 3 mol -1 at room temperature, which is typical liquid-like behaviour. In the high-pressure state, ΔV * = 42 and 45.3 cm 3 mol -1 at 294 K for the gels with and without filler, respectively. The results show that the ionic movements are restricted by the rigid environment of the high-pressure state and that the filler affects ΔV * under this condition. In particular, the filler appears to improve the cation transport number as a results of a decreased mobility of large-sized ions in the rigid environment of the high-pressure state. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Andersson, Ove, et al.
(författare)
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Unusual Grüneisen and Bridgman parameters of low-density amorphous ice and their implications on pressure induced amorphization
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 122:12, s. 124710-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The low-temperature limiting value of the Grüneisen parameter for low-frequency phonons and the density dependence of the thermal conductivity (Bridgman parameter) of low-density amorphous (LDA) ice, high-density amorphous (HDA) ice, hexagonal ice Ih, and cubic ice Ic were calculated from high-pressure sound velocity and thermal conductivity measurements, yielding negative values for all states except HDA ice. LDA ice is the first amorphous state to exhibit a negative Bridgman parameter, and negative Grüneisen parameters are relatively unusual. Since Ih, Ic, and LDA ice all transform to HDA upon pressurization at low temperatures and share the unusual feature of negative Grüneisen parameters, this seems to be a prerequisite for pressure induced amorphization. We estimate that the Grüneisen parameter increases at the ice Ih to XI transition, and may become positive in ice XI, which indicates that proton-ordered ice XI does not amorphize like ice Ih on pressurization.
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| 8. |
- Hudson, John A., et al.
(författare)
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Guidance on numerical modelling of thermo-hydro-mechanical coupled processes for performance assessment of radioactive waste repositories
- 2005
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Ingår i: International Journal of Rock Mechanics And Mining Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1365-1609 .- 1873-4545. ; 42:5-6, s. 850-870
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper provides advice on how to incorporate thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) coupled processes into performance and safety assessments and design studies for radioactive waste disposal in geological formations. The advice is based on work conducted for the EU research project BENCHPAR: "Benchmark Tests and Guidance on Coupled Processes for Performance Assessment of Nuclear Waste Repositories". In Section 1, there is an explanation of why numerical analyses incorporating THM mechanisms are required for radioactive waste studies and background material on the subject is provided. Then, the THM processes and their interactions are explained in Section 2. Three case examples of THM numerical analysis are presented in Section 3 to illustrate the type of work that can be conducted to study the near-field, upscaling, and the far-field. The importance and priority of the THM couplings are summarized in Section 4. Recommended soft and hard auditing procedures are presented in Section 5. We place special emphasis on the fact that the most important step in numerical modelling is not executing the calculations per se, but the earlier conceptualization of the problem regarding the dominant processes, the material properties and parameters, the engineering perturbations, and their mathematical presentations. The associated modelling component of addressing the uncertainties and estimating their influence on the results is also important. Thus, the specific models and codes should be studied first to evaluate the harmony between the nature of the problem and the nature of the codes. The tactical use of particular numerical techniques will then be based on a sound strategic foundation. An associated listing of bullet point recommendations and issues for future directions for this THM subject area is given in Section 6.
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| 9. |
- Sivertsen, Terje, et al.
(författare)
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The TACO approach for traceability and communication of requirements
- 2005
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Ingår i: COMPUTER SAFETY, RELIABILITY, AND SECURITY, PROCEEDINGS. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer-Verlag GmbH. ; , s. 317-329
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper outlines the main achievements of the TACO project. The overall objective of the TACO project was to improve the knowledge about principles and best practices related to the issues concretised in the TACO preproject. On the basis of experiences in the Nordic countries, the project aimed at identifying the best practices and most important criteria for ensuring effective communication in relation to requirements elicitation and analysis, understandability of requirements to all parties, and traceability of requirements through the different design phases. It is expected that the project will provide important input to the development of guidelines and establishment of recommended practices related to these activities.
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