| 1. |
- Andersson, Simon, 1980-
(författare)
-
Skälig misstanke
- 2016
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This doctoral dissertation studies the legal standard of proof called reasonable suspicion (skälig misstanke). This standard is central for criminal investigations as the majority of state criminal procedural actions (tvångsmedel) are tied to it, as well as the majority of a suspect’s rights. Despite the central role played by this standard, it has not to any significant extent been researched previously. What the standard entails cannot be seen from either the law or legislative history, and there are no published cases discussing it. As the meaning of the standard is not clear, there is much room for discretion in assessments as to whether the standard has been met. There consequently is a need to clarify what reasonable suspicion entails. What is required to fulfill the standard? How is reasonable suspicion to be assessed? These questions are answered in this dissertation.My investigation demonstrates that reasonable suspicion is a three-pronged standard:A requirement of preponderance of the evidenceReasonable suspicion entails a requirement of a preponderance of the evidence (sannolikhetsövervikt). This means, somewhat simplified, that it should be more probable that the suspect is guilty than innocent. The hypothesis underlying the reasonable suspicion of alleged guilt (gärningshypotesen) should be more probable than all other plausible hypotheses combined.A requirement of individualizationThe evidence must be sufficiently individualized in order to reach the level of reasonable suspicion. The requirement of individualization is in place to prevent that persons are suspected on the basis of group membership. The same is true with respect to persons belonging to groups where the probability of crime is generally high. In such situations, there must be a concrete circumstance pointing to just that person committing a certain crime. It can be, however, circumstances having very low evidentiary value. Group membership can still be of significance with respect to the suspect, but reasonable suspicion cannot be solely based on group membership. A generally applicable concept as to that distinguishing the general from the individual cannot however be articulated. All evidentiary evaluations are in some form based on generalizations. Consequently, the issue of whether the evidence is sufficiently individualized must be assessed from case to case. The main premise is that suspicion cannot be solely based on group belonging. This is a legal-political requirement. Legal-political aspects consequently must also be taken into consideration when evaluating evidence.A requirement of robustnessEven in cases where the evidence is evaluated so that a preponderance of the evidence exists and is sufficiently individualized, the evidence still needs to be sufficiently robust. Robustness is a measure of whether good grounds exist for the conclusion. It is not a question of how ”strong” the evidence is, but rather how thoroughly the situation has been investigated. Somewhat simplified, it is a question of ”how much” evidence exists rather than the strength of the individual pieces of evidence. This requirement of robustness varies depending upon time in that it is very low at the commencement of an investigation, but as time goes by, higher requirements are placed as to the ”completeness” of the investigation.
|
|
| 2. |
- Bombarda, F., et al.
(författare)
-
Runaway electron beam control
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1361-6587 .- 0741-3335. ; 61:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 3. |
- Gårdebjer, Sofie, 1985, et al.
(författare)
-
The impact of interfaces in laminated packaging on transport of carboxylic acids
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of Membrane Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0376-7388 .- 1873-3123. ; 518, s. 305-312
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The permeability of oleic and acetic acid through low density polyethylene (LDPE) and ethylene acrylic acid (EAA) have been measured using diffusion cells. In addition, the permeability through combinations of LDPE and EAA in the form of laminates with different numbers of layers has been determined. Oleic acid shows an almost 30 times higher permeability compared to acetic acid, which was partly explained by the adsorption of oleic acid to the film surface during the permeability experiment. In addition, the permeability is lower for both oleic and acetic acid in the laminates compared to the pure films. The decreased permeability can be explained by the presence of crystalline domains close to the interface. This is supported by SAXS data which suggests an ordering of polymer chains in the EAA film close to the interface. In summary, the results show that it is possible to create barrier materials with decreased permeability, which is interesting for example in the packaging industry.
|
|
| 4. |
- Strand, Magnus, 1977-
(författare)
-
The Passing-On Problem in EU Law Damages and Restitution
- 2015
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this thesis, the so-called passing-on problem is examined for the purposes of EU law. The passing-on problem may arise when an amount has been charged unlawfully, in whole or in part, and paid by a commercial enterprise. If the charge was contrary to EU law, the payer will usually claim the amount back by way of an action for restitution or damages. However, it has been counter argued that the amount cannot be claimed back by the payer, because it has been passed on to the next level of the supply chain. Under such circumstances, it must be determined who should be able to claim what portion of the original charge from whom, and whether it is also possible to claim for reduced sales due to an increased selling price.In this thesis, the main EU law issues triggered by passing-on are identified; ie access to court, substantive proximity (eg causation), and the estimation of awards. In the assessment, actions are distinguished with regard to the type of respondent targeted. Accordingly, actions against the EU, against a Member State, and against private individuals are all examined individually. In respect of actions brought against private individuals, EU law has so far only required for private individuals to be liable in damages for a breach of EU competition law. It is examined whether an action for restitution should equally be available under such circumstances. It is also separately examined whether horizontal liability in damages and/or restitution can be more generally available for a breach of EU law. Reasoned suggestions for solutions to all these EU law issues are offered, both in the course of discussions and in the final conclusions.It is emphasized that the passing-on problem in EU law does not only fall under the jurisdiction of the EU legislature and EU Courts, but also of the Member States. It is also noticed that the legal context has an impact on the EU law issues examined. It is finally submitted that a mixed restitution/damages approach offers the best opportunity to reconcile the various interests at stake in the passing-on problem.
|
|
| 5. |
-
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1741-4326 .- 0029-5515. ; 58:1
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 6. |
- Ahangari, Alebtekin, et al.
(författare)
-
Acute intermittent porphyria symptoms during the menstrual cycle
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Internal medicine journal (Print). - : Wiley. - 1444-0903 .- 1445-5994. ; 45:7, s. 725-731
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), a life-threatening form of the disease, is accompanied by several pain, mental and physical symptoms.Aims: In this study, we evaluated the cyclicity of AIP and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms in 32 women with DNA-diagnosed AIP during their menstrual cycles, in northern Sweden.Methods: The cyclicity of AIP symptoms and differences in them between the follicularand luteal phases, and the cyclicity of each symptom in each individual woman indifferent phases of her menstrual cycle were analysed with a prospective daily ratingquestionnaire. PMS symptoms were also evaluated in the patients on a daily rating scale.Results: Of the 32 women, 30 showed significant cyclicity in at least one AIP or PMS symptom (P < 0.05–0.001). Back pain (10/32) was the most frequent AIP pain symptomand sweet craving (10/15) was the most frequent PMS symptom. Pelvic pain (F = 4.823,P = 0.036), irritability (F = 7.399, P = 0.011), cheerfulness (F = 5.563, P = 0.025), sexualdesire (F = 8.298, P = 0.007), friendliness (F = 6.157, P = 0.019), breast tenderness (F =21.888, P = 0.000) and abdominal swelling (F = 16.982, P = 0.000) showed significantcyclicity. Pelvic pain and abdominal swelling (rs= 0.337, P < 0.001) showed the strongest correlation. The age of women with latent AIP was strongly correlated with abdominal swelling during the luteal phase (rs= 0.493, P < 0.01).Conclusion: Our results suggest that the symptoms of AIP patients change during their menstrual cycles.
|
|
| 7. |
- Aho-Mantila, L., et al.
(författare)
-
Assessment of SOLPS5.0 divertor solutions with drifts and currents against L-mode experiments in ASDEX Upgrade and JET
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. - : IOP PUBLISHING LTD. - 0741-3335 .- 1361-6587. ; 59:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The divertor solutions obtained with the plasma edge modelling tool SOLPS5.0 are discussed. The code results are benchmarked against carefully analysed L-mode discharges at various density levels with and without impurity seeding in the full-metal tokamaks ASDEX Upgrade and JET. The role of the cross-field drifts and currents in the solutions is analysed in detail, and the improvements achieved by fully activating the drift and current terms in view of matching the experimental signals are addressed. The persisting discrepancies are also discussed.
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Andersson, A., et al.
(författare)
-
Electrical machine acoustic noise reduction based on rotor surface modifications
- 2017
-
Ingår i: ECCE 2016 - IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, Proceedings. - 2329-3721. ; , s. Art. no. 7855075-
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2016 IEEE.Electromagnetic acoustic noise from electrical machines has increasingly become an area of attention for both academia and industry. In electric propulsion systems, this is a main contributor to the total acoustic noise and it is usually perceived as annoying due to its tonal appearance. This paper presents an alternative rotor design for a permanent magnet synchronous machine with the objective to decrease prominent machine orders in the acoustic noise by force density harmonics minimization. Apart from this, torque characteristics and core losses are included in the study as well, in order to investigate possible adverse effects. In the proposed design, irregularities are introduced in the rotor surface to suppress harmonics in the flux density by locally altering the airgap permeance. The analysis is based on finite element modelling, using a sequentially solved, weak coupled, multi-physics approach which enables separation of the electromagnetic-, structural dynamical- and acoustic problems. The results show that the most prominent harmonics in the acoustic noise can be reduced without significantly deteriorating the dynamic performance. It is also demonstrated that the core losses of the machine is positively affected by the obtained harmonic magnitude reduction in the flux density. Although the paper focuses on minimization of radial force density harmonics, the results indicate that the approach and the methodology may also be used for torque harmonics minimization.
|
|
| 10. |
- Andersson, A., et al.
(författare)
-
Experimental determination of inverter losses and sound consequences of using DPWM in an HEV
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Conference Proceedings - IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition - APEC. ; , s. 1382-1388
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents an experimental determination of the inverter losses and acoustic noise consequences of using discontinuous PWM in a hybrid/electric vehicle application. Acoustic noise and stator vibrations were evaluated using measurements and inverter losses were evaluated both with the use of measurements as well as simulations. The entire operational area for positive torque was covered in the analysis. The results show that the total inverter losses were decreased with about 10-20% when DPWM was used. The introduction of discontinuity in the voltage modulation affects the harmonic content of the phase current. This was further investigated, both electrically and acoustically, focusing on harmonics around the switching frequency, since these are acoustically challenging in the intended application. Measurements show that the magnitude of phase current harmonics around the switching frequency were increased when discontinuous PWM was used. This increase, in the magnitude of these phase current harmonics, amplifies the corresponding harmonics in the stator vibrations which also increased the associated acoustic noise. Therefore, the acoustic noise radiated from the machine and the inverter was enlarged when discontinuous PWM was used. However, the results also show that the adverse acoustic effects were significantly decreased as the machine was operated in the field weakening area.
|
|
