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- Rasmusson, Lina M., 1980-
(författare)
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Seagrass Respiration : An assessment of oxygen consumption patterns of temperate marine macrophytes
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In coastal seas, the abundance of marine macrophytes has profound influence on the flows of oxygen and inorganic carbon through the water. Vast amounts of carbon dioxide are taken up by photosynthesis and part of this is respired back into the water column. The photosynthetic carbon uptake of the most common seagrasses of the northern hemisphere is nowadays extensively studied at both community- and individual levels, and its impact on coastal carbon- and oxygen fluxes is quite well defined. However, the coinciding release of carbon dioxide and consumption of oxygen by the processes of mitochondrial respiration and photorespiration in these organisms has as yet not been given much attention, especially concerning how these processes are affected by external factors. For estimations of the rates of mitochondrial respiration, the common approach has been to use values obtained during darkness and treat them as being constant over the day. This approach is questioned in this thesis where the effects of different abiotic and biotic factors on oxygen consumption were examined to elucidate possible variations of seagrass respiration rates (with primary focus on the species Zostera marina), explored mainly using gas exchange techniques. The initial aim was to investigate whether the rates of respiration are at all fluctuating. This was found to be the case. Secondly, impacts of various factors on the respiration process were examined on Z. marina, with additional studies on the seagrass Ruppia maritima and the common green alga Ulva intestinalis. It was found that respiration rates were lower in the light for all three species. Specific investigations on Z. marina showed that respiration rates also varied with time of the day. Moreover, the rates of both respiration and photosynthesis differed between Z. marina shoots of different age as well as among different parts of the leaves. These differences were observed at both ambient (19.1oC) and elevated (29.1oC) temperatures. Photorespiration, previously considered insignificant in seagrasses, was found to have a profound role, as high rates were observed in productive bays, i.e. in settings with low inorganic carbon availability and high oxygen. Overall, this thesis has identified important external and developmental factors influencing the patterns of oxygen consumption and associated carbon dioxide release of two common temperate seagrasses. Clearly, respiration in seagrasses is a dynamic process that responds to a variety of external and developmental factors, which should be carefully considered when assessing the carbon budget of coastal vegetated areas.
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| 2. |
- Frishammar, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Opportunities and challenges in the new innovation landscape : Implications for innovation auditing and innovation management
- 2019
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Ingår i: European Management Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 0263-2373 .- 1873-5681. ; 37:2, s. 151-164
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Innovation auditing is a well-established practice used by managers to identify strengths and weaknesses in innovation. Existing audit frameworks fall short, however, because they neglect three major trends that currently transform the innovation landscape. These trends are as follows: 1) a shift from closed to more open models of innovation ("openness"), 2) a shift from providing physical products to industrial product services ("servitization"), and 3) a shift from an analog to a highly digitalized world ("digitalization"). This article identifies new innovation practices, opportunities, and challenges that arise for manufacturing firms along these trends. The article proposes a revised innovation audit framework, which acknowledges these trends and supports innovation management in increasingly dynamic and competitive environments. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- George, Rushingisha, 1981-
(författare)
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Seagrasses in warming oceans : physiological and biogeochemical responses
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The exponential increase of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations over the past 50 years has caused a rise in the global average temperature by more than 1ºC above pre-industrial levels. Ninety-three percent of this heat energy has been absorbed and stored by the oceans, increasing their temperatures, particularly in surface waters. This can produce both negative and positive impacts on the health and function of vital coastal shallow-water communities, hosting seagrasses and macroalgae, which are key primary producers and ecosystem engineers in the coastal zone. The physiological processes of these plants and the biogeochemical processes in associated sediments operate over a wide range of temperatures and their response can serve as early indicators of changes in their ecosystem function. This thesis employed a combination of laboratory, mesocosm and field based experiments to understand: 1) the responses of key physiological processes to elevated temperatures occurring frequently (and likely to occur in a future warming scenario) in seagrass meadows, and how these will affect biogeochemical processes in associated sediments, 2) the exchange of carbon dioxide between seagrass, water and atmosphere, and 3) effects of the tidal variability on biogeochemical processes of tropical seagrass sediments.The results showed that elevated water temperatures cause increased rates of photosynthesis in seagrasses up to a threshold temperature above which rates declines rapidly. The negative effects of temperatures reaching beyond threshold levels increased with repeated days of exposure. The rates of mitochondrial respiration in seagrasses increased with elevated temperatures until a collapse of their respiratory machinery occurred. Photorespiration did not increase linearly with elevated temperatures. The responses of the different components of the seagrass plant (i.e. leaves, shoots, rhizomes and roots) to temperature increase clearly differed, and varied within different parts of each component. Spikes of very high water temperatures, up to 40-44ºC, occur frequently during daytime at low spring tides during the northeast monsoon in the tropical intertidal areas of the western Indian Ocean, and if they occur repeatedly over several days, lead to large biomass loss in seagrasses. Such temperatures also increased methane emission and sulphide levels in seagrass-associated sediments. Submerged macrophytes in shallow coastal waters had pronounced effects on air-water fluxes of carbon dioxide, with an upward flux occurring when partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher in the seawater than in the air and carbon dioxide escapes the water phase, and a downward flux when carbon dioxide enters the water phase. Plant cover, time of day and tidal level had pronounced consequences on emissions of methane and nitrous oxide as well as sulphide levels in tropical seagrass sediments. Emissions of methane and nitrous oxide positively correlated to sediment organic matter content and the relationship became stronger during high tide.The findings of this thesis indicate that intertidal seagrasses of the tropical WIO region are at special risk of declining under future warming, as they are currently living in an environment where ambient water temperatures frequently reach at, or beyond, threshold levels of key physiological processes during midday hours of low spring tides of the northeast monsoon. The negative effects of high temperature spikes may be further intensified by other anthropogenic stressors (e.g. eutrophication by land-based pollution sources). Taken together, these will reduce seagrass cover and promote the release and emission of historically deposited carbon back to the atmosphere, and this would possibly change these ecosystems from being carbon sinks to being sources and further exacerbate the negative impacts of greenhouse gases.
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| 4. |
- Knudsen, Mette Præst, et al.
(författare)
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Unleashing the Power of Internal Crowds
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Much is already known about why and what firms can gain from external crowdsourcing of ideation activities, whereas internal crowdsourcing where firms seek ideas for innovation among its employees has so far received less attention. The rationale for using external and internal crowds has thus been assumed to be the same, to collect a diversity and large number of ideas. This article pinpoints that the design principles known from the external crowdsourcing literature cannot simply be used for internal crowds. In fact, an attempt to do so entails a need for considering several tradeoffs. Drawing on the extant theory and the knowledge that we have accumulated over the years from researching large firm’s use of IT-based ideation systems, we identify these trade-offs, propose several design decisions to consider, which are linked to the innovation ambition of a firm, and develop a model of employee engagement in internal crowdsourcing.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Qian, Chen, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Collective firm-internal online idea development Exploring the impact of feedback timeliness and knowledge overlap
- 2019
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Ingår i: European Journal of Innovation Management. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1460-1060 .- 1758-7115. ; 23:1, s. 13-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose New opportunities to nurture good ideas for innovation arise as firms use web-based ideation platforms for collective idea generation and development. What influences creative performance in firm-internal collective idea development is however not as well researched as idea generation and thus an important area of research is the feedback and commenting on ideas. More specifically, the purpose of this paper is to explore the role of feedback timeliness and knowledge overlap between feedback providers and ideas in collective firm-internal online idea development. Design/methodology/approach An empirical study has been performed, drawing on data collected from a Swedish multi-national company using a web-based system for collective firm-internal ideation. The investigation explicitly captures the effects on ideation performance played by idea development contributions, in terms of feedback timeliness and knowledge overlap between feedback providers and ideas. Findings The empirical results show that idea development is significantly influenced by feedback timeliness as well as by the knowledge overlap between feedback providers and ideas. Specifically, it is found that longer time to feedback and an increased knowledge overlap result in an increased likelihood of idea acceptance. However, beyond a certain point, the positive effects of a longer time to feedback and increased knowledge overlap decrease, resulting in curvilinear relationships with idea acceptance. Originality/value The results from the empirical study reveal the effects of feedback timeliness and knowledge overlap on idea development. This provides us with new insights on the complex dynamics at place in collective firm-internal idea development and offers implications for how we can fruitfully manage this process.
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| 7. |
- Qian, Chen, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the Effects of Feedback Sentiment and Expertise in Internal Crowdsourcing for Ideas
- 2017
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Ingår i: Academy of Management Proceedings.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the increased usage of internal crowdsourcing for ideas, many firms are able to receive feedback from the voluntary collective wisdom with diverse expertise instead of a limited amount of specified experts, resulting in a large amount, diverse and complex input to ideas. Given the so far limited knowledge about it, firms face challenges to fruitfully manage feedback to ideas. Two aspects playing critical roles in the feedback on proposed ideas for innovation are arguably feedback sentiment and its source expertise. This paper aims to explore the roles of feedback sentiment and expertise in internal crowdsourcing for ideas. It does so through an empirical study drawing on data collected from a Swedish multi-national company using internal crowdsourcing for innovation ideas. The investigation explicitly captures the effects of feedback sentiment and source expertise in terms of: 1) positive and negative feedback sentiment; and 2) feedback sentiment in conjunction with expertise of feedback source. The effects of these two dimensions are investigated by performing a logistic regression analysis. Regression results reveal that both feedback sentiment and expertise are potentially impacting ideas in internal crowdsourcing and expertise is a moderator. More specifically, it is found that negative feedback outperforms positive feedback in an overall view, but also that the effects of feedback sentiment are influenced by the expertise of the feedback provider. As one of the first studies to explore the feedback sentiment in conjunction with expertise, this study does not only extend previous knowledge about feedback mechanisms, but also provides practical implications to manage contributors as well as their contributions to internal crowdsourcing of ideas.
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