| 1. |
- Blasiak, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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The ocean genome and future prospects for conservation and equity
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature Sustainability. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2398-9629. ; 3, s. 588-596
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Life has evolved in the ocean for 3.7 billion years, resulting in a rich 'ocean genome', the ensemble of genetic material present in all marine biodiversity, including both the physical genes and the information they encode. Rapid advances in sequencing technologies and bioinformatics have enabled exploration of the ocean genome and are informing innovative approaches to conservation and a growing number of commercial biotechnology applications. However, the capacity to undertake genomic research and to access and use sequence data is inequitably distributed among countries, highlighting an urgent need to build capacity, promote inclusive innovation and increase access to affordable technologies. The ocean genome is the genetic material present in marine biodiversity. While technological advances are enabling exploration, conservation and innovation of this resource, the associated capacities are inequitably distributed among countries.
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| 2. |
- Petersson, Matilda, 1987-
(författare)
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Making waves : A study of the patterns and consequences of non-state actor participation in global fisheries governance
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- States have established regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) to manage transboundary fish stocks. However, the effectiveness of these bodies has been questioned. Problems with overfishing, illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, and bycatch remain persistent and difficult to solve. In addition to states however, non-state actors (NSAs) also matter for the governance capacity to sustainably manage transboundary fish stocks. These actors include both non-governmental organizations (NGOs), multinational corporations, business associations, consultancies, and private research organizations. They represent diverse interests and pursue different goals in global governance. They are known to participate in meetings of international organizations and the United Nations, and to form transnational partnerships (together with other actors) to address transboundary environmental problems. However, their participation within global fisheries governance and the consequences of that participation for political outcomes achieved, for example by RFMOs, is not well understood. I attempt to fill this gap, by addressing two overarching research questions. First: how and why do non-state actors participate in global fisheries governance, and second: how (and under what conditions) does the participation of these actors shape RFMOs’ effectiveness? In order to analyze the participation and consequences of NSAs, I construct a theoretical framework combining insights from international relations literature on NSAs, transnational partnerships, and international regimes, and from the comparative politics literature on interest groups.The thesis presents four papers. Paper I studies the conditions for NGO participation across seven RFMOs. It finds that NGO participation is shaped by the RFMOs’ own institutional capacity and competitive pressures from other NSAs from research organizations, but not by changes in target fish stock health. Paper II studies the variation in advocacy strategies used by transnational partnerships to shape IUU fishing policy. It finds that partnerships mainly use inside and service provision strategies, but rarely outside strategies. The variation in strategies is shaped by changes in political opportunity structures, i.e., by an increasingly complex global institutional landscape as well as increasing issue complexity and salience. Paper III focuses on the roles of NGOs in relation to transparency across twelve RFMOs. It finds that NGOs have made repeated requests for procedural transparency, and that several requests have received responses from member states, such as notably, the adoption of observer accreditation rules. NGOs also face several barriers to transparency, as they sometimes are hindered from attending certain sessions and from actively engaging in discussions. These barriers limit the ability of NGOs to develop policy-specific advice and to perform accountability functions, with potential implications for RFMO effectiveness. Paper IV explores the influence of NGOs on the effectiveness of RFMOs to manage sharks, by considering two indictors, i.e., changes in policy outputs and to key actor positions. Strategic venue shopping is found to be an important mechanism for NGOs’ ability to influence RFMO effectiveness. Taken together, the thesis contributes to scholarly debates about the participation and influence of NSAs in sustainability science and international relations literature, and related policy debates about the prospects for achieving sustainable fisheries through an inclusive and ecosystem approach to management.
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| 3. |
- Österblom, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Science-Industry Collaboration : Sideways or Highways to Ocean Sustainability?
- 2020
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Ingår i: One Earth. - : Elsevier BV. - 2590-3330 .- 2590-3322. ; 3:1, s. 79-88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is substantial and unexplored potential for scientists to engage with the private sector for a sustainable ocean. The importance of such cooperation is a frequent emphasis of international dialogues and statements, it is embedded within the Sustainable Development Goals, and has been championed by prominent business leaders and scientists. But an uncritical embrace of science-industry collaboration is unhelpful, and candid reflections on the benefits and pitfalls that marine scientists can expect from actively engaging with the private sector are rare. In this Perspective, we draw on our collective experiences working with ocean industries in different parts of the world to reflect on how this has influenced our work, the effects these collaborations have generated, and the barriers to overcome for such partnerships to become more common. In doing so, we hope to help empower a new generation of marine scientists to explore collaboration with industry as a way to develop and scale up solutions for ocean sustainability.
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