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- Eklund, Jenny M., 1974-
(författare)
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Adolescents at risk of persistent antisocial behaviour and alcohol problems : The role of behaviour, personality and biological factors
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Antisocial behaviour and alcohol problems are areas of great concern to society, not only associated with personal and emotional costs for the affected individuals and their victims, but also with major societal financial costs. What makes some individuals more likely than others to develop these kinds of problems? The general aim of this thesis was to explore the role of individual characteristics in the development of antisocial behaviour and alcohol problems. More specifically, the research focused on aspects of hyperactive behaviour, personality traits and biological vulnerability indicators in relation to self-reported norm breaking and violent behaviour, registered general criminality and violent offending in particular, and further, on risky alcohol use and drinking offences. The studies were based on both a prospective longitudinal project in which a group of adolescent male lawbreakers and controls were followed from the 1960s into the 1990s, and on more recently collected data on a representative group of Swedish male and female adolescents.The results of the thesis supported that neuropsychological deficits, manifested in attention difficulties, and personality traits reflecting disinhibition and negative emotionality, influence the development of antisocial behaviour and risky alcohol use, which in turn increases the risk of subsequent alcohol problems. The findings indicated, furthermore, that these neuropsychological deficits may be associated with an underlying biological vulnerability to various forms of disinhibitory psychopathology. Although the thesis focuses on individual characteristics, the results also support the view that environmental risk factors such as the influence of family and peers and possible stress experiences, play an important role. It was emphasized that individual characteristics continuously interact with environmental conditions in shaping each individual’s developmental course. Results also revealed that adolescent females displaying violent behaviour and engaging in potentially harmful use of alcohol deviated more in personality traits than did the corresponding group of males. Further knowledge of the development of these problems in females is crucial, since most theories in this area have been developed primarily on male samples.
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- Eklund, Jenny M., et al.
(författare)
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Personality Characteristics as Risk Indications of Alcohol Use and Violent Behavior in Male and Female Adolescents
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Individual Differences. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 1614-0001 .- 2151-2299. ; 26:2, s. 63-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study focused on personality characteristics in adolescent boys (n = 414) and girls (n = 552) in 8th grade with self-reported violent behavior and risky alcohol use. Adolescents with indications of violent behavior and/or risky alcohol use, compared to others, were generally more impulsive, had a stronger need for change and action, were less adjusted and socially conforming, as well as more aggressive. The findings pointed toward a clustering of problem behaviors. Furthermore, adolescents with a combination of violent behavior and alcohol use had more pronounced personality scores than subjects who reported only one of these behaviors. The main finding was that among girls these behaviors appeared to be associated with more deviant levels of the personality characteristics in focus.
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- Eklund, Jenny M., et al.
(författare)
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Stability of and change in criminal behavior : A prospective study of young male lawbreakers and controls
- 2006
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Ingår i: International Journal of Forensic Mental Health. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1499-9013 .- 1932-9903. ; 5:1, s. 83-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With Moffitt's developmental typology of antisocial behavior as a starting point, the general aim of the study was to investigate the stability of and change in criminal behavior from early adolescence to early adult age. The purpose was also to explore the role of individual, family, peer and school related risk factors in the development of criminal behavior. The study was based on data from the prospective longitudinal research project ‘Young Lawbreakers as Adults’, in which a group of adolescent male lawbreakers and controls were followed from the 1960s into the 1990s. The results were in favor of a distinction between adolescencelimited and persistent criminality, and supported the suggestion of a common set of risk factors dimensionally related to offending, rather than trajectory-specific risk factors. The findings indicated that, in addition to these common risk factors, early attention deficits and manifestations of aggression might be of specific importance to persistent criminality.
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- Håkanson, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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A dynamic mass balance model for phosphorus fluxes and concentrations in coastal areas
- 2007
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Ingår i: Ecological research. - : Wiley. - 0912-3814 .- 1440-1703. ; 22:2, s. 296-320
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a general, process-based mass balance model (CoastMab) for total phosphorus (TP) in defined coastal areas (at the ecosystem scale). The model is based on ordinary differential equations and calculates inflow, outflow and internal fluxes on a monthly basis. It consists of four compartments: surface water, deep water, erosion/transportation areas for fine sediments and accumulation areas for fine sediments. The separation between surface water and deep water is not done based on water temperature, but on sedimentological criteria instead (from the theoretical wave base). There are algorithms for all major internal TP fluxes (sedimentation, resuspension, diffusion, mixing and burial). Validations were performed using data from 21 different Baltic coastal areas. The results show that the model predicts monthly TP in water and chlorophyll a very well (generally within the uncertainty bands of the empirical data). The model has also been put through sensitivity tests, which show that the most important factor regulating the predictions of the model is generally the TP concentration in the sea beyond the coast. The model is simple to apply, since all driving variables may be accessed from maps or monitoring programs. The driving variables include coastal area, section area (between the defined coastal area and the adjacent sea), mean and maximum depths, latitude (used to predict water temperatures, stratification and mixing), salinity and TP concentration in the sea. Many of the model structures are general and could be used for areas other than those included in this study, e.g., for open coasts, estuaries or tidal coasts, as well as for other substances than phosphorus.
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- Håkanson, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling phosphorus and suspended particulate matter in Ringkobing Fjord to understand regime shifts
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Marine Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0924-7963 .- 1879-1573. ; 68:1-2, s. 65-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The focus in this work is on the conditions in Ringkøbing Fjord (Denmark), where there have been major regime shifts during the last 30 years. The regime shift in the 1990s is discussed in this paper and concerns reductions in nutrient input from land and changes in salinity. The changes in these abiotic have drastically influenced the structure and functioning of the ecosystem [e.g., in phytoplankton production, water clarity, macrophyte cover and biomass of clams]. This work concerns the modelling and understanding of such changes and the aim is also to consider patterns in variability in the data that may explain the regime shift. The model used is a general, dynamic process-based mass-balance model for total phosphorus (TP) and suspended particulate matter (SPM). The model uses ordinary differential equations (the ecosystem scale). The calculation time is 1 month to reflect seasonal variations. We quantify, e.g., sedimentation, resuspension, diffusion, mixing and retention. The model has previously been tested for coastal areas of different character and shown to predict TP, SPM, Secchi depth, chlorophyll and the oxygen saturation in the deep-water zone very well (within the uncertainty bands of the empirical data). We show that the model, with new calculation routines for macrophytes and clams, also describes the conditions in Ringkøbing Fjord well, which means that the model is a useful general tool for interpretations of changes in coastal ecosystems. The model is simple to apply in practice since all driving variables may be readily accessed from maps or regular monitoring programs.
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