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- Aizawa, Naoki, et al.
(författare)
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URB937, a peripherally restricted inhibitor for fatty acid amide hydrolase, reduces prostaglandin E-2-induced bladder overactivity and hyperactivity of bladder mechano-afferent nerve fibres in rats
- 2016
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Ingår i: BJU International. - : WILEY-BLACKWELL. - 1464-4096 .- 1464-410X. ; 117:5, s. 821-828
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective To determine if inhibition of the endocannabinoid-degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) can counteract the changes in urodynamic variables and bladder afferent activities induced by intravesical prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) instillation in rats. Materials and methods In female Sprague-Dawley rats we studied the effects of URB937, a peripherally restricted FAAH inhibitor, on single-unit afferent activity (SAA) during PGE(2)-induced bladder overactivity (BO). SAA measurements were made in urethane-anaesthetised rats and Ad-and C-fibres were identified by electrical stimulation of the pelvic nerve and by bladder distention. Cystometry (CMG) in conscious animals and during SAA measurements was performed during intravesical instillation of PGE(2) (50 or 100 mu M) after intravenous administration of URB937 (0.1 and 1 mg/kg) or vehicle. In separate experiments, the comparative expressions of FAAH and cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, in microsurgically removed L6 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were studied by immunofluorescence. Results During CMG, 1 mg/kg URB937, but not vehicle or 0.1 mg/kg URB937, counteracted the PGE(2)-induced changes in urodynamic variables. PGE(2) increased the SAAs of C-fibres, but not Ad-fibres. URB937 (1 mg/kg) depressed Ad-fibre SAA and abolished the facilitated C-fibre SAA induced by PGE(2). The DRG nerve cells showed strong staining for FAAH, CB1 and CB2, with a mean (SEM) of 77 (2)% and 87 (3)% of FAAH-positive nerve cell bodies co-expressing CB1 or CB2 immunofluorescence, respectively. Conclusion The present results show that URB937, a peripherally restricted FAAH inhibitor, reduces BO and C-fibre hyperactivity in the rat bladder provoked by PGE(2), suggesting an important role of the peripheral endocannabinoid system in BO and hypersensitivity.
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| 2. |
- Collins, Justin, et al.
(författare)
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Live streaming of robotic surgery from leading educational centres enables a global approach to surgical teaching
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Urology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0022-5347 .- 1527-3792. ; 195:4, s. E116-E116
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Following recently published EAU Policy on Live Surgical Events (LSE's) it is assured that live surgery will be ongoing at conferences in the immediate future. However, the panel reached >80% consensus view that performing at a home institution may be safer. The committee also identified issues with a ‘travelling surgeon’ performing complex surgery in an unfamiliar environment with a surgical team that is not experienced with the intricacies of surgeons techniques. LSE's from home institutions remove or minimize these negative aspects.
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| 3. |
- Gandaglia, Giorgio, et al.
(författare)
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Structured Population-based Prostate-specific Antigen Screening for Prostate Cancer : The European Association of Urology Position in 2019
- 2019
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Ingår i: European Urology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0302-2838. ; 76:2, s. 142-150
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prostate cancer (PCa)is one of the first three causes of cancer mortality in Europe. Screening in asymptomatic men (aged 55–69 yr)using prostate-specific antigen (PSA)is associated with a migration toward lower staged disease and a reduction in cancer-specific mortality. By 20 yr after testing, around 100 men need to be screened to prevent one PCa death. While this ratio is smaller than for breast and colon cancer, the long natural history of PCa means many men die from other causes. As such, the nonselective use of PSA testing and radical treatments can lead to overdiagnosis and overtreatment. The European Association of Urology (EAU)supports measures to encourage appropriate PCa detection through PSA testing, while reducing overdiagnosis and overtreatment. These goals may be achieved using personalized risk-stratified approaches. For diagnosis, the greatest benefit from early detection is likely to come in men assessed using baseline PSA levels at the age of 45 yr to individualize screening intervals. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging as well as risk calculators based on family history, ethnicity, digital rectal examination, and prostate volume should be considered to triage the need for biopsy, thus reducing the risk of overdiagnosis. For treatment, the EAU advocates balancing patient's life expectancy and cancer's mortality risk when deciding an approach. Active surveillance is encouraged in well-informed patients with low-risk and some intermediate-risk cancers, as it decreases the risks of overtreatment without compromising oncological outcomes. Conversely, the EAU advocates radical treatment in suitable men with more aggressive PCa. Multimodal treatment should be considered in locally advanced or high-grade cancers. Patient summary: Implementation of prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based screening should be considered at a population level. Men at risk of prostate cancer should have a baseline PSA blood test (eg, at 45 yr). The level of this test, combined with family history, ethnicity, and other factors, can be used to determine subsequent follow-up. Magnetic resonance imaging scans and novel biomarkers should be used to determine which men need biopsy and how any cancers should be treated.
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