| 1. |
- Samuelsson, Mattias, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Growth of Ti-C nanocomposite films by reactive high power impulse magnetron sputtering under industrial conditions
- 2012
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Ingår i: Surface & Coatings Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0257-8972 .- 1879-3347. ; 206:8-9, s. 2396-2402
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Titanium carbide (TiC) films were deposited employing high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) and direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) in an Ar-C2H2 atmosphere of various compositions. Analysis of the structural, bonding and compositional characteristics revealed that the deposited films are either TiC and hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) nanocomposites, nanocrystalline TiC, or Ti/Tic, depending on the C/Ti ratio. It was found that Ti-C films grown by HiPIMS show a C/Ti ratio of close to 1 for a wide C2H2 flow range (4-15 sccm), with free C ranging from 0 to 20%. Thus, films ranging from near stoichiometric single phase TiC to TiC/a-C:H nanocomposites can be synthesized. This was not the case for DCMS, where films grown using similar deposition rates as for HiPIMS formed larger fractions of amorphous C matrix, thus being nanocomposites in the same C2H2 (above 4 sccm) flow range. For a C/Ti ratio of 1 the resistivity is low (4-8 x 10(2) mu Omega cm) for the HiPIMS films, and high (>100x 10(2) mu Omega cm) for the DCMS films. The hardness also shows a big difference with 20-27 and 6-10 GPa for HiPIMS and DCMS grown films, respectively.
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| 2. |
- Blom, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Strong association between earlier abuse and revictimization in youth
- 2014
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2458. ; 14:14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Violence victimization among youth is recognized as a public health problem. The objective was to analyze the risk pattern of emotional, physical, and sexual abuse during the past 12 months by gender, sociodemographic factors, health risk behaviors, and exposure to abuse before the age of 15, among young men and women attending youth health centers in Sweden.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a nationally representative sample of youth health centers. A total of 2,250 young women and 920 young men aged 15-23 completed a self-administered questionnaire. Odds ratios (OR) and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% CI were calculated.Results: A consistent and strong association was noted between exposure to all types of violence during the past year and victimization before the age of 15 for all types of violence for both women and men. The only exceptions were childhood sexual victimization and sexual violence during the past year for men. Younger age was associated with all violence exposure for the women and with emotional violence for the men. For the women, drug use was associated with all types of violence, while the association with hazardous alcohol use and not living with parents was restricted to physical and sexual violence exposure, present smoking was restricted to emotional and physical violence exposure, and partnership and living in urban areas were restricted to sexual violence. For men, not being partnered, hazardous alcohol consumption, and drug use meant increased risk for physical violence, while smoking and living in urban areas were associated with sexual violence. After adjustment, immigration had no association with violence exposure.Conclusions: Violence victimization in young men and women is often not a single experience. Findings underline the importance of early interventions among previously abused youth.
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| 3. |
- Byass, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Lessons from History for Designing and Validating Epidemiological Surveillance in Uncounted Populations
- 2011
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 6:8, s. e22897-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Due to scanty individual health data in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), health planners often use imperfect data sources. Frequent national-level data are considered essential, even if their depth and quality are questionable. However, quality in-depth data from local sentinel populations may be better than scanty national data, if such local data can be considered as nationally representative. The difficulty is the lack of any theoretical or empirical basis for demonstrating that local data are representative where data on the wider population are unavailable. Thus these issues can only be explored empirically in a complete individual dataset at national and local levels, relating to a LMIC population profile. Methods and Findings: Swedish national data for 1925 were used, characterised by relatively high mortality, a low proportion of older people and substantial mortality due to infectious causes. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of Sweden then and LMICs now are very similar. Rates of livebirths, stillbirths, infant and cause-specific mortality were calculated at national and county levels. Results for six million people in 24 counties showed that most counties had overall mortality rates within 10% of the national level. Other rates by county were mostly within 20% of national levels. Maternal mortality represented too rare an event to give stable results at the county level. Conclusions: After excluding obviously outlying counties (capital city, island, remote areas), any one of the remaining 80% closely reflected the national situation in terms of key demographic and mortality parameters, each county representing approximately 5% of the national population. We conclude that this scenario would probably translate directly to about 40 LMICs with populations under 10 million, and to individual states or provinces within about 40 larger LMICs. Unsubstantiated claims that local sub-national population data are "unrepresentative" or "only local" should not therefore predominate over likely representativity.
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| 4. |
- Danielsson, Ingela, et al.
(författare)
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Tydliga könsskillnader i ungdomars utsatthet för våld : Också stora skillnader mellan olika studier
- 2010
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Ingår i: Läkartidningen. - 0023-7205 .- 1652-7518. ; 107:18, s. 1230-1234
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare has declared that violence is a public health issue and also that young people aged 16-24 years are the category most exposed to violence. In this article the large differences in prevalence rates for exposure to different forms of violence, as reported in various Swedish studies, are presented and discussed. In most studies it was evident that young women were more often exposed to psychological and sexual violence than young men, while young men were more often exposed to physical violence. Young women's reporting of current suffering from the violence they had experienced was more pronounced than that reported by young men. A question for discussion is whether the violence exposure of young men and women might be a reason for the decline in psychological and physical health among youth, as reported in Swedish national health surveys over the past 15-20 years.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Deyessa Kabeta, Negussie, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Violence against women in relation to literacy and area of residence
- 2010
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Ingår i: Global Health Action. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1654-9716 .- 1654-9880. ; 3:2070
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: This study explores violence against women in a low-income setting in relation to residency and literacy. SETTING: The study was conducted within the Butajira Rural Health Programme (a Health and Demographic Surveillance Site), which includes rural and semi-urban settings in south-central Ethiopia. DESIGN: This is a community-based cross-sectional study and is part of the WHO Women's Health and Life Events multi-country study. It included 1,994 randomly selected married women. METHODS: A standardised WHO questionnaire was used to measure physical violence, residency, literacy of the woman and her spouse, and attitudes of women about gender roles and violence. Analyses present prevalence with 95% confidence intervals and odds ratios derived from bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: In urban and rural areas of the study area, the women were of varying ages, had varying levels of literacy and had spouses with varying levels of literacy. Women in the overall study area had beliefs and norms favouring violence against women, and women living in rural communities and illiterate women were more likely to accept such attitudes. In general, violence against women was more prevalent in rural communities. In particular, violence against rural literate women and rural women who married a literate spouse was more prevalent. Literate rural women who were married to an illiterate spouse had the highest odds (Adj. OR = 3.4; 95% CI: 1.7-6.9) of experiencing physical violence by an intimate partner. CONCLUSION: Semi-urban lifestyle and literacy promote changes in attitudes and norms against intimate partner violence; however, within the rural lifestyle, literate women married to illiterate husbands were exposed to the highest risks of violence.
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| 7. |
- Edin, Kerstin, 1952-, et al.
(författare)
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"Keeping up a front" : narratives about intimate partner violence, pregnancy, and antenatal care
- 2010
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Ingår i: Violence against Women. - : Sage Publications. - 1077-8012 .- 1552-8448. ; 16:2, s. 189-206
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nine women who had been subjected to severe intimate partner violence during pregnancy narrated their ambiguous and contradictory feelings and the various balancing strategies they used to overcome their complex and difficult situations. Because allowing anyone to come close posed a threat, the women mostly denied the situation and kept up a front to hide the violence from others. Three women disclosed ongoing violence to the midwives, but only one said such disclosure was helpful. This article highlights the complexity of being pregnant when living with an abusive partner and challenges antenatal care policies from the perspective of pregnant women.
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| 8. |
- Ekeus, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Vacuum assisted birth and risk for cerebral complications in term newborn infants : a population-based cohort study
- 2014
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Ingår i: BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2393 .- 1471-2393. ; 14, s. 36-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Few studies have focused on cerebral complications among newborn infants delivered by vacuum extraction (VE). The aim of this study was to determine the risk for intracranial haemorrhage and/or cerebral dysfunction in newborn infants delivered by VE and to compare this risk with that after cesarean section in labour (CS) and spontaneous vaginal delivery, respectively. Methods: Data was obtained from Swedish national registers. In a population-based cohort from 1999 to 2010 including all singleton newborn infants delivered at term after onset of labour by VE (n = 87,150), CS (75,216) or spontaneous vaginal delivery (n = 851,347), we compared the odds for neonatal intracranial haemorrhage, traumatic or non-traumatic, convulsions or encephalopathy. Logistic regressions were used to calculate adjusted (for major risk factors and indication) odds ratios (AOR), using spontaneous vaginal delivery as reference group. Results: The rates of traumatic and non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhages were 0.8/10,000 and 3.8/1,000. VE deliveries provided 58% and 31.5% of the traumatic and non-traumatic cases, giving a ten-fold risk [AOR 10.05 (4.67-21.65)] and double risk [AOR 2.23 (1.57-3.16)], respectively. High birth weight and short mother were associated with the highest risks. Infants delivered by CS had no increased risk for intracranial hemorrhages. The risks for convulsions or encephalopathy were similar among infants delivered by VE and CS, exceeding the OR after non-assisted spontaneous vaginal delivery by two-to-three times. Conclusion: Vacuum assisted delivery is associated with increased risk for neonatal intracranial hemorrhages. Although causality could not be established in this observational study, it is important to be aware of the increased risk of intracranial hemorrhages in VE deliveries, particularly in short women and large infants. The results warrant further studies in decision making and conduct of assisted vaginal delivery.
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| 9. |
- Eklund, Per, et al.
(författare)
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The Mn + 1AXn phases : Materials science and thin-film processing
- 2010
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Ingår i: Thin Solid Films. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 518:8, s. 1851-1878
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article is a Critical review of the M(n + 1)AX(n) phases ("MAX phases", where n = 1, 2, or 3) from a materials science perspective. MAX phases are a class of hexagonal-structure ternary carbides and nitrides ("X") of a transition metal ("M") and an A-group element. The most well known are Ti2AlC, Ti3SiC2, and Ti4AlN3. There are similar to 60 MAX phases with at least 9 discovered in the last five years alone. What makes the MAX phases fascinating and potentially useful is their remarkable combination of chemical, physical, electrical, and mechanical properties, which in many ways combine the characteristics of metals and ceramics. For example, MAX phases are typically resistant to oxidation and corrosion, elastically stiff, but at the same time they exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivities and are machinable. These properties stem from an inherently nanolaminated crystal structure, with M1 + nXn slabs intercalated with pure A-element layers. The research on MAX phases has been accelerated by the introduction of thin-film processing methods. Magnetron sputtering and arc deposition have been employed to synthesize single-crystal material by epitaxial growth, which enables studies of fundamental material properties. However, the surface-initiated decomposition of M(n + 1)AX(n) thin films into MX compounds at temperatures of 1000-1100 degrees C is much lower than the decomposition temperatures typically reported for the corresponding bulk material. We also review the prospects for low-temperature synthesis, which is essential for deposition of MAX phases onto technologically important substrates. While deposition of MAX phases from the archetypical Ti-Si-C and Ti-Al-N systems typically requires synthesis temperatures of similar to 800 degrees C, recent results have demonstrated that V2GeC and Cr2AlC can be deposited at similar to 450 degrees C. Also, thermal spray of Ti2AlC powder has been used to produce thick coatings. We further treat progress in the use of first-principle calculations for predicting hypothetical MAX phases and their properties. Together with advances in processing and materials analysis, this progress has led to recent discoveries of numerous new MAX phases such as Ti4SiC3, Ta4AlC3. and Ti3SnC2. Finally, important future research directions are discussed. These include charting the unknown regions in phase diagrams to discover new equilibrium and metastable phases, as well as research challenges in understanding their physical properties, such as the effects of anisotropy, impurities, and vacancies on the electrical properties, and unexplored properties such as Superconductivity, magnetism, and optics.
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| 10. |
- Ellberg, Lotta, et al.
(författare)
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“We feel like one, they see us as two” : new parents' discontent with postnatal care
- 2010
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Ingår i: Midwifery. - : Elsevier BV. - 0266-6138 .- 1532-3099. ; 26:4, s. 463-468
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective postnatal care has gone through remarkable changes, such as reducing the length of hospital stay and increasing the parents’ responsibility. Focusing on dissatisfaction, this study describes how new parents experience postpartum care.Design cross-sectional, population-based study, based on questionnaires.Participants 1474 parents.Measurements and findings the questionnaires, posted six months after childbirth, addressed how parents experienced postnatal care. The data were analysed with descriptive statistics and content analysis.Key conclusions a main finding was that the close emotional attachment between the parents was not always supported by staff. The father was treated as an outsider and the care was described as ‘a woman's world’. The asymmetric encounter between parents and staff was pronounced with respect to decision-making, and some designated this as ‘paternalism’. A great deal of the discontent with health care may be due to organisational failure, and the postnatal care should be more prioritised in the health-care organisation.Implications for practice midwives should acknowledge that parents, irrespective of gender, should have equal opportunities as parents during postpartum care as parenting is a joint project.
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