| 1. |
- Scaramuzzino, Gabriella
(författare)
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Workplace violence : A threat to autonomy and professional discretion
- 2020
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Ingår i: Sociologisk Forskning. - Huddinge : Sociologisk Forskning, Swedish Sociological Association. - 2002-066X .- 0038-0342. ; 57:3-4, s. 249-270
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although many theories have been developed and a great amount of research has been conducted on autonomy and professional discretion, knowledge on the extent to which fear of being subjected to workplace violence might restrict such autonomy and professional discretion being used is limited. This article draws on a survey study (N=1,236) and compares the experiences of workplace violence of Swedish social workers, teachers and journalists. The aim of the article is to determine how digitalisation could be linked to workplace violence and also determine the extent to which workplace violence could affect the autonomy and professional discretion of these professional groups and prevent them from carrying out their democratic role. The results show the differences regarding where and how these professionals received threats and provides an alarming picture of the implications of such threats. 40% of the respondents had considered stopping working on a specific social problem, topic, target group, or task due to their fear of being subjected to hate, threats and harassment.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Ahmed, Syed Masud
(författare)
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Exploring health-seeking behaviour of disadvantaged populations in rural Bangladesh
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Improving ability of the health system to reach the poor/disadvantaged populations is important for health and essential to mitigate the income-erosion consequences of ill- health in Bangladesh. This study examined the health-seeking behaviour of some identified disadvantaged population groups, including the effect of poverty focused non-governmental development interventions. Methods: The thesis is based on five studies from four different research projects, conducted during 1995-2004 in Bangladesh. The first three studies are descriptive cross-sectional studies while the last two used quasi-experimental design to test two interventions implemented by a non-governmental organization (NGO). One is microcredit-based targeted to the poor while the other is grants-based targeted to the ‘ultra-poor’. Sample populations came from: a) 2,267 poor (households possessing ≤ 50 decimals of land, and selling manual labour) and 1,550 non-poor households (I); and 2,005 poor and 950 non-poor households (IV), both from a sub-district having microcredit-based integrated intervention; b) 2,550 households from five different ethnic communities in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) region (II); c) 966 households with at least one elderly (≥ 60 years) person from two sub-districts (III); d) and, 4,323 ‘ultra-poor’ households (the ‘poorest of the poor’) from three famine prone districts having a grants-based development intervention with enhanced health-related inputs (V). Pre-tested structured questionnaires were used in face-to-face interviews to elicit relevant information on health-seeking behaviour with 15 days recall. Results: The probability to access any type of healthcare, and professional allopathic care (MBBS doctors) was found to be greater for men than for women (OR 1.73 and OR 1.64 respectively). The same was for participation in microcredit-based integrated intervention (OR 1.92) (I). On average, no treatment was sought in 14% of reported illness episodes by different ethnic groups in the CHT region (II). The majority (60-70%) of the ethnic groups sought treatment from unqualified allopathic providers (untrained drug retailers/vendors) while resident Bangalis sought care in greater proportion from the semi-qualified ‘para-professionals’ (15%) and MBBS doctors (26%). No major difference in health-seeking behaviour and health-expenditure between the elderly and the younger adults (20 -59 years) was observed (III). Poverty emerged as the most significant determinant of health-seeking behaviour and individuals from poor households were nearly two times (OR 1.8, 95%CI: 1.43-2.36) more likely to practice self-care (III). The most commonly consulted provider was a para-professional while in around 20% of illness episodes in plain land, unqualified allopaths were contacted (I, III, IV). Self-care in the context of microcredit-based integrated intervention was associated with female gender (OR 0.69, 95%CI 0.48-0.90), the absence of low cost health services (OR 1.67, 95%CI 1.45-1.88) and illnesses of relatively short duration (IV). Also, grants-based integrated intervention was found to increase the proportion of ultra-poor households seeking ‘formal allopathic’ (MBBS+para-professional) care by 9% (95% CI 4.2-14.2, p<0.01), and increase the capacity of these households to spend on illnesses in the reference period by 11% (95% CI 5.8—16.6, p <0.001) which in Bangladeshi context reflects increased capacity for health expenditure by the poor/ultra-poor households (V). Conclusions: An emerging cadre of 'para-professionals' as main provider of formal allopathic care to the disadvantaged populations was observed, in addition to the pre-dominance of self-care. Household poverty was instrumental in shaping health-seeking behaviour. By improving capacity for health-expenditure, a grants-based intervention initiated changes in health-seeking behaviour of the ultra-poor towards greater use of healthcare when ill, and use of ‘formal allopathic’ providers in preference to unqualified providers. The microcredit-based integrated intervention was found to increase the use of self-care.
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| 4. |
- Antonio, Leen, et al.
(författare)
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Associations Between Sex Steroids and the Development of Metabolic Syndrome: A Longitudinal Study in European Men
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. - : The Endocrine Society. - 1945-7197 .- 0021-972X. ; 100:4, s. 1396-1404
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context: Low testosterone (T) has been associated with incident metabolic syndrome (MetS), but it remains unclear if this association is independent of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Estradiol (E2) may also be associated with MetS, but few studies have investigated this. Objective: To study the association between baseline sex steroids and the development of incident MetS and to investigate the influence of SHBG, body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance on this risk. Methods: Three thousand three hundred sixty nine community-dwelling men aged 40-79 years were recruited for participation in EMAS. MetS was defined by the updated NCEP ATP III criteria. Testosterone and E2 levels were measured by liquid and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, respectively. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between sex steroids and incident MetS. Results: One thousand six hundred fifty one men without MetS at baseline were identified. During follow-up, 289 men developed incident MetS, while 1362 men did not develop MetS. Men with lower baseline total T levels were at higher risk for developing MetS [odds ratio (OR) = 1.72, P < .001), even after adjustment for SHBG (OR = 1.43, P < .001), BMI (OR = 1.44, P < .001) or homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (OR = 1.64, P < .001). E2 was not associated with development of MetS (OR = 1.04; P = .56). However, a lower E2/T ratio was associated with a lower risk of incident MetS (OR = 0.38; P < .001), even after adjustment for SHBG (OR = 0.48; P < .001), BMI (OR = 0.60; P = .001) or HOMA-IR (OR = 0.41; P < .001). Conclusions: Inmen, lower Tlevels, but not E2, are linked with an increased risk of developing MetS, independent of SHBG, BMI or insulin resistance. A lower E2/T ratio may be protective against developing MetS.
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| 5. |
- Cottell, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Medication-related incidents at 19 hospitals : A retrospective register study using incident reports
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nursing Open. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 2054-1058. ; 7:5, s. 1526-1535
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: To examine (a) when medication incidents occur and which type is most frequent; (b) consequences for patients; (c) incident reporters' perceptions of causes; and (d) professional categories reporting the incidents.Design: A descriptive multicentre register study.Methods: This study included 775 medication incident reports from 19 Swedish hospitals during 2016-2017. From the 775 reports, 128 were chosen to establish the third aim. Incidents were classified and analysed statistically. Perceived causes of incidents were analysed using content analysis.Results: Incidents occurred as often in prescribing as in administering. Wrong dose was the most common error, followed by missed dose and lack of prescription. Most incidents did not harm the patients. Errors in administering reached the patients more often than errors in prescribing. The most frequently perceived causes were shortcomings in knowledge, skills and abilities, followed by workload. Most medication incidents were reported by nurses.
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| 6. |
- Dunn, Benjamin, et al.
(författare)
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Correlations and Functional Connections in a Population of Grid Cells
- 2015
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Ingår i: PloS Computational Biology. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1553-734X .- 1553-7358. ; 11:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the statistics of spike trains of simultaneously recorded grid cells in freely behaving rats. We evaluate pairwise correlations between these cells and, using a maximum entropy kinetic pairwise model (kinetic Ising model), study their functional connectivity. Even when we account for the covariations in firing rates due to overlapping fields, both the pairwise correlations and functional connections decay as a function of the shortest distance between the vertices of the spatial firing pattern of pairs of grid cells, i.e. their phase difference. They take positive values between cells with nearby phases and approach zero or negative values for larger phase differences. We find similar results also when, in addition to correlations due to overlapping fields, we account for correlations due to theta oscillations and head directional inputs. The inferred connections between neurons in the same module and those from different modules can be both negative and positive, with a mean close to zero, but with the strongest inferred connections found between cells of the same module. Taken together, our results suggest that grid cells in the same module do indeed form a local network of interconnected neurons with a functional connectivity that supports a role for attractor dynamics in the generation of grid pattern.
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| 7. |
- Earp, Justin C., et al.
(författare)
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Esomeprazole FDA Approval in Children With GERD : Exposure-Matching and Exposure-Response
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition - JPGN. - : LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. - 0277-2116 .- 1536-4801. ; 65:3, s. 272-277
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Food and Drug Administration approval of proton-pump inhibitors for infantile gastroesophageal reflux disease has been limited by intrapatient variability in the clinical assessment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. For children 1 to 17 years old, extrapolating efficacy from adults for IV esomeprazole was accepted. The oral formulation was previously approved in children. Exposure-response and exposure matching analyses were sought to identify approvable pediatric doses. Methods: Intragastric pH biomarker comparisons between children and adults were conducted. Pediatric doses were selected to match exposures in adults and were based on population pharmacokinetic (PK) modeling and simulations with pediatric esomeprazole data. Observed IV or oral esomeprazole PK data were available from 50 and 117 children, between birth and 17 years, respectively, and from 65 adults, between 20 and 48 years. A population PK model developed using these data was used to simulate steady-state esomeprazole exposures for children at different doses to match the observed exposures in adults. Results: Exposure-response relationships of intragastric pH measures were similar between children and adults. The PK simulations identified a dosing regimen for children that results in comparable steady-state area under the curve to that observed after 20 mg in adults. For IV esomeprazole, increasing the infusion duration to 10 to 30 minutes in children achieves matching C-max values with adults. Conclusions: The exposure-matching analysis permitted approval of an esomeprazole regimen not studied directly in clinical trials. Exposureresponse for intragastric pH-permitted approval for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children in whom it was not possible to evaluate the adult primary endpoint, mucosal healing assessed by endoscopy.
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| 8. |
- Flensburg, Per, 1946-, et al.
(författare)
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Social Informatics in the Future
- 2006
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Ingår i: Social informatics. - Boston, USA : Springer Boston. - 0387378758 ; , s. 87-96
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- When Internet in the middle of the 1990s made its breakthrough a revolution occurred compared to the industrial revolution. Suddenly the cost for information transport was reduced to almost zero and genuinely new opportunities arose. Work, that can be performed by unskilled workers, are outsourced and the focus is on the business process. This requires a genuine new way of doing business; we see a need for trust, loyalty, and sharing of values. Education of users at the workplace will be a major concern and a common language and a mutual and deep understanding of the concepts and social contexts used is a prerequisite. A 3D apple model for context is described. For defining the social context, a user centred approach must be used. We need genuinely new informatics paradigms adapted to the network economy. This requires a massive re-education of all workers, both white and blue collar. To sum it all up: Reliable and sustainable production, availability of reliable information, trust, and flexibility are the means for us to survive in this new economy.
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| 9. |
- Francois, Olivier, et al.
(författare)
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Demographic history of European populations of Arabidopsis thaliana
- 2008
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Ingår i: PLoS Genetics. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1553-7390 .- 1553-7404. ; 4:5, s. e1000075-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana is successful at colonizing land that has recently undergone human-mediated disturbance. To investigate the prehistoric spread of A. thaliana, we applied approximate Bayesian computation and explicit spatial modeling to 76 European accessions sequenced at 876 nuclear loci. We find evidence that a major migration wave occurred from east to west, affecting most of the sampled individuals. The longitudinal gradient appears to result from the plant having spread in Europe from the east ~10,000 years ago, with a rate of westward spread of ~0.9 km/year. This wave-of-advance model is consistent with a natural colonization from an eastern glacial refugium that overwhelmed ancient western lineages. However, the speed and time frame of the model also suggest that the migration of A. thaliana into Europe may have accompanied the spread of agriculture during the Neolithic transition.
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| 10. |
- Frandin, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Long-Term Effects of Individually Tailored Physical Training and Activity on Physical Function, Well-Being and Cognition in Scandinavian Nursing Home Residents : A Randomized Controlled Trial
- 2016
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Ingår i: Gerontology. - : S. Karger AG. - 0304-324X .- 1423-0003. ; 62:6, s. 571-580
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The preservation of physical functions such as muscle strength, balance and mobility is fundamental to maintaining independence in activities of daily living (ADL). The physical activity level of most nursing home residents is very low, which implies that they are often subject to a decline in health, mobility, autonomy and social contacts and are also at risk of suffering a decline in mental well-being. In a previous study, we demonstrated that transfers, balance and physical activity level improved after 3 months of individually tailored intervention in nursing home residents. Objective: To evaluate the long-term effects on ADL, balance function, physical activity level, physical performance, falls related self-efficacy, well-being and cognitive function 3 months after the completion of our intervention in nursing home residents. Methods: The study was a multicenter randomized, controlled clinical trial with a parallel-group design. It was conducted in nursing homes in Sweden, Norway and Denmark, with an intervention period lasting 3 months and a follow-up at 6 months. Initially, 322 nursing home residents with a mean age of 85 years were included; 85 from Sweden, 171 from Norway and 66 from Denmark. Of these, 241 [129 intervention group (IG), 112 control group (CG)] were eligible for the 6-month follow-up tests. The level of dependence in ADL, physical activity level, several dimensions of physical function, well-being, falls-related self-efficacy and cognitive function were assessed with reliable and valid instruments at baseline, immediately after 3 months of intervention and 3 months later at the 6-month follow-up.Results: After 3 months of intervention and an additional period of 3 months without intervention, only the following 2 variables demonstrated significant group differences: social and cognitive function, measured by the Functional Independence Measure n-r, where the IG deteriorated while the CG was almost stable. However, regarding transfers, the IG deteriorated significantly less than the CG. Conclusion: Without supervised physical exercise that challenged the individuals' capability, gains in ADL function, balance and transfer ability deteriorated during the 3 months following the intervention period. Thus, continuous, individually adjusted and supported physical activity seems crucial for the maintenance of physical functions in these vulnerable elderly persons.
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