| 1. |
- Lind, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
- 2021
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Ingår i: eLife. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.
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| 3. |
- Marcoux, Genevieve, et al.
(författare)
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Platelet EVs contain an active proteasome involved in protein processing for antigen presentation via MHC-I molecules
- 2021
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Ingår i: Blood. - : American Society of Hematology. - 1528-0020 .- 0006-4971. ; 138:25, s. 2607-2620
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In addition to their hemostatic role, platelets play a significant role in immunity. Once activated, platelets release extracellular vesicles (EVs) formed by the budding of their cytoplasmic membranes. Because of their heterogeneity, platelet EVs (PEVs) are thought to perform diverse functions. It is unknown, however, whether the proteasome is transferred from platelets to PEVs or whether its function is retained. We hypothesized that functional protein processing and antigen presentation machinery are transferred to PEVs by activated platelets. Using molecular and functional assays, we found that the active 20S proteasome was enriched in PEVs, along with major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and lymphocyte costimulatory molecules (CD40L and OX40L). Proteasome-containing PEVs were identified in healthy donor blood, but did not increase in platelet concentrates that caused adverse transfusion reactions. They were augmented, however, after immune complex injections in mice. The complete biodistribution of murine PEVs after injection into mice revealed that they principally reached lymphoid organs, such as spleen and lymph nodes, in addition to the bone marrow, and to a lesser extent, liver and lungs. The PEV proteasome processed exogenous ovalbumin (OVA) and loaded its antigenic peptide onto MHC-I molecules, which promoted OVA-specific CD8+ T-lymphocyte proliferation. These results suggest that PEVs contribute to adaptive immunity through cross-presentation of antigens and have privileged access to immune cells through the lymphatic system, a tissue location that is inaccessible to platelets.
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