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- Carlsson, Lars, et al.
(author)
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Enhanced systolic myocardial function in elite endurance athletes during combined arm-and-leg exercise
- 2011
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In: European Journal of Applied Physiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1439-6319 .- 1439-6327. ; 111:6, s. 905-913
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim here was to employ color tissue velocity imaging (TVI), to test the hypothesis that highly trained endurance athletes exhibit enhanced systolic function of the left ventricular (LV) myocardium both at rest and during combined arm-and-leg exercise in comparison with untrained subjects. For each of the ten elite male (EG) and ten matched control participants (CG), LV dimensions and systolic function were assessed at rest using echocardiography. Subsequently, these subjects exercised continuously on a combined arm-and-leg cycle ergometer for 3 min each at 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% of VO2max. Oxygen uptake, heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and peak contraction systolic velocities of the LV myocardium (PSV) were recorded in the end of each level. At rest, the trained and untrained groups differed with respect to LV dimensions, but not systolic function. At 60–100% VO2max, the EG group demonstrated both higher PSV and SBP. The observation that the EG athletes had higher PSV than CG during exercise at 60–100% VO2max, but not at rest or at 50% of VO2max, suggested an enhanced systolic capacity. This improvement is likely to be due to an enhanced inotropic contractility, which only becomes apparent during exercise.
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| 4. |
- Karlöf, Lars, et al.
(author)
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Snow - the performance surface for alpine skiing
- 2013
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In: Routledge Handbook of Ergonomics in Sport and Exercise. - Oxon and New York : Routledge. - 9781138657106 ; , s. 323-334
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Alpine skiing is a popular winter sport. Athletes use their equipment on different courses that are covered with snow. From this perspective, better knowledge of snow conditions and the interaction between the skis and snow is fundamental, because performance and choices between different techniques are related to the interaction beteeen the athlete, the ski eqiuipment and the snow.
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| 5. |
- Supej, Matej, et al.
(author)
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Aerodynamic drag is not the major determinant of performance during giant slalom skiing at the elite level
- 2013
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0905-7188 .- 1600-0838. ; 23:1, s. e38-e47
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This investigation was designed to (a) develop an individualized mechanical model for measuring aerodynamic drag (Fd) while ski racing through multiple gates, (b) estimate energy dissipation (Ed) caused by Fd and compare this to the total energy loss (Et), and (c) investigate the relative contribution of Ed/Et to performance during giant slalom skiing (GS). Nine elite skiers were monitored in different positions and with different wind velocities in a wind tunnel, as well as during GS and straight downhill skiing employing a Global Navigation Satellite System. On the basis of the wind tunnel measurements, a linear regression model of drag coefficient multiplied by cross-sectional area as a function of shoulder height was established for each skier (r > 0.94, all P < 0.001). Skiing velocity, Fd, Et, and Ed per GS turn were 15–21 m/s, 20–60 N, −11 to −5 kJ, and −2.3 to −0.5 kJ, respectively. Ed/Et ranged from ∼5% to 28% and the relationship between Et/vin and Ed was r = −0.12 (all NS). In conclusion, (a) Fd during alpine skiing was calculated by mechanical modeling, (b) Ed made a relatively small contribution to Et, and (c) higher relative Ed was correlated to better performance in elite GS skiers, suggesting that reducing ski–snow friction can improve this performance.
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| 7. |
- Örtenblad, Niels, et al.
(author)
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Repeated sprint exercise impairs contractile force of isolated single human muscle fibers
- 2013
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In: Proceedings for the 6<sup>th</sup> International Congress on Science and Skiing. - 9783200034174 ; , s. 93-
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- INTRODUCTION: The purpose of the present study was, to examine the effects of repeated sprint skiing on the contractile apparatus of single muscle fibres obtained from a group of elite skiers. We have recently demonstrated that prolonged cycling exercise impairs the contractile apparatus of single muscle fibres, and that this can be restored following recovery. However, little is known about the effect of repeated high intensity exercise on single fibre properties, as i.e. during cross-country (cc) sprint competitions. We hypothesize that repeated high intensity exercise in highly trained subjects will impair the contractile apparatus maximum force output.METHOD: Eleven elite male sprint talented cc skiers (age 24 ± 4 years; VO2max 5.1 ± 0.5 (diagonal skiing, DIA), 4.9 ± 0.5 (double pooling, DP) L·min-1)) volunteered for the study. The skiers performed a simulated intermittent classic sprint roller skiing competition on a treadmill. The sprint exercise included 4 times1300m, with 45 min recovery between sprints. Each sprint consisted of 3 DP sections (1° uphill) and 2 DIA sections (7° uphill). Muscle biopsies were obtained in arm muscle (m. biceps brachii) before and after the sprint exercises. Muscle fibre bundles were cooled and skinned in a glycerinating solution and stored until analyzed. Single muscle fibre segments (n=232) were isolated and attached to a sensitive force recording transducer, and activated by Ca2+ buffered solutions at pH 7.1 to measure mechanically properties (maximum force Po and Po/cross sectional area (CSA)) and fibre typed by the Sr2+ sensitivity (Hvid et al. 2013).RESULTS: Average sprint time was 3min 49s ± 9s, with no difference between sprints. A total of 232 fibres were analysed (150 type I and 82 type II fibres). Type II fibres had a sign. (P<0.05) higher CSA (8103 ± 2334 µm2 (type I) and 8852 ± 2288 µm2 (type II) and Po (0.82 ± 0.43 and 1.24 ± 0.50 mN) than type I fibres. Also type II fibres had a 31% higher Po/CSA (108 ± 55 vs 142 ± 45 kN/m2). Following the intermittent sprint exercise, type II fibres exhibited a sign. (P = 0.01) 20% decrease in Po, with no difference in type I fibres. To test if the decrease in the single fibre Po were associated with oxidative stress we tested if this could be reversed with a strong reducing agent (dithiothreitol, DTT). DTT did not alter Po at pre nor the decrease in type II fibres following sprint exercise.DISCUSSION: By using a translational approach from whole body exercise to single fibre measurements, we here we demonstrate that type II fibres from highly trained cross country skiers, has a 20% decrease in Po following repeated sprint. Thus, part of the experienced fatigue following sprint competitions is due to impairments at the level of the contractile apparatus. Further, we did not find any evidence for oxidative stress as a causative component in the observed decrease in Po.CONCLUSION: Here we demonstrate for the first time, in highly trained sprint skiers, that repeated sprint impairs single fibre maximum force at the level of the contractile apparatus, which may have a significant impact on muscle function and fatigue.REFERENCES: Gejl K, Hvid LG, Ulrik Frandsen U, Jensen K, Sahlin K and Ørtenblad N. Muscle glycogen content modifies SR Ca2+ release rate in elite endurance athletes. Med. Sci. Sports Ex. (2013).
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