| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Jansson, Patrik, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
A Framework for Polytypic Programming on Terms, with an Application to Rewriting
- 2000
-
Ingår i: Workshop on Generic Programming.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rewriting is a typical example of a polytypic function. Given any value of a datatype (an algebra of terms), and rules to rewrite values of that datatype, we want a function that rewrites the value to normal form if the value is normalizable. This paper develops a polytypic rewriting function that uses the parallel innermost rewriting strategy. It improves upon our earlier work on polytypic rewriting in two fundamental ways. Firstly, the rewriting function uses a term interface that hides the polytypic part from the rest of the program. The term interface is a framework for polytypic programming on terms. This implies that the rewriting function is independent of the particular implementation of polytypism. We give several functions and laws on terms, which simplify calculating with programs. Secondly, the rewriting function is developed together with a correctness proof. We just present the result of the correctness proof, the proof itself is published elsewhere.
|
|
| 3. |
- Malmstrom, Vivianne, et al.
(författare)
-
T cells that are naturally tolerant to cartilage-derived type II collagen are involved in the development of collagen-induced arthritis
- 2000
-
Ingår i: Arthritis Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1465-9905. ; 2:4, s. 315-326
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The immunodominant T-cell epitope that is involved in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is the glycosylated type II collagen (CII) peptide 256-270. In CII transgenic mice, which express the immunodominant CII 256-270 epitope in cartilage, the CII-specific T cells are characterized by a partially tolerant state with low proliferative activity in vitro, but with maintained effector functions, such as IFN-gamma secretion and ability to provide B cell help. These mice were still susceptible to CIA. The response was mainly directed to the glycosylated form of the CII 256-270 peptide, rather than to the nonglycosylated peptide. Tolerance induction was rapid; transferred T cells encountered CII within a few days. CII immunization several weeks after thymectomy of the mice did not change their susceptibility to arthritis or the induction of partial T-cell tolerance, excluding a role for recent thymic emigrants. Thus, partially tolerant CII autoreactive T cells are maintained and are crucial for the development of CIA.
|
|
| 4. |
- Svensson, Johan, 1964, et al.
(författare)
-
The GH secretagogues ipamorelin and GH-releasing peptide-6 increase bone mineral content in adult female rats.
- 2000
-
Ingår i: The Journal of endocrinology. - : Bioscientifica. - 0022-0795 .- 1479-6805. ; 165:3, s. 569-77
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Growth hormone (GH) is of importance for normal bone remodelling. A recent clinical study demonstrated that MK-677, a member of a class of GH secretagogues (GHSs), increases serum concentrations of biochemical markers of bone formation and bone resorption. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the GHSs, ipamorelin (IPA) and GH-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6), increase bone mineral content (BMC) in young adult female rats. Thirteen-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were given IPA (0.5 mg/kg per day; n=7), GHRP-6 (0.5 mg/kg per day; n=8), GH (3.5 mg/kg per day; n=7), or vehicle administered continuously s.c. via osmotic minipumps for 12 weeks. The animals were followed in vivo by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements every 4th week. After the animals were killed, femurs were analysed in vitro by mid-diaphyseal peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) scans. After this, excised femurs and vertebrae L6 were analysed by the use of Archimedes' principle and by determinations of ash weights. All treatments increased body weight and total tibial and vertebral BMC measured by DXA in vivo compared with vehicle-treated controls. However, total BMC corrected for the increase in body weight (total BMC:body weight ratio) was unaffected. Tibial area bone mineral density (BMD, BMC/area) was increased, but total and vertebral area BMDs were unchanged. The pQCT measurements in vitro revealed that the increase in the cortical BMC was due to an increased cross-sectional bone area, whereas the cortical volumetric BMD was unchanged. Femur and vertebra L6 volumes were increased but no effect was seen on the volumetric BMDs as measured by Archimedes' principle. Ash weight was increased by all treatments, but the mineral concentration was unchanged. We conclude that treatment of adult female rats with the GHSs ipamorelin and GHRP-6 increases BMC as measured by DXA in vivo. The results of in vitro measurements using pQCT and Archimedes' principle, in addition to ash weight determinations, show that the increases in cortical and total BMC were due to an increased growth of the bones with increased bone dimensions, whereas the volumetric BMD was unchanged.
|
|
