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| 2. |
- Elsik, Christine G., et al.
(författare)
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The Genome Sequence of Taurine Cattle : A Window to Ruminant Biology and Evolution
- 2009
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 324:5926, s. 522-528
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To understand the biology and evolution of ruminants, the cattle genome was sequenced to about sevenfold coverage. The cattle genome contains a minimum of 22,000 genes, with a core set of 14,345 orthologs shared among seven mammalian species of which 1217 are absent or undetected in noneutherian (marsupial or monotreme) genomes. Cattle-specific evolutionary breakpoint regions in chromosomes have a higher density of segmental duplications, enrichment of repetitive elements, and species-specific variations in genes associated with lactation and immune responsiveness. Genes involved in metabolism are generally highly conserved, although five metabolic genes are deleted or extensively diverged from their human orthologs. The cattle genome sequence thus provides a resource for understanding mammalian evolution and accelerating livestock genetic improvement for milk and meat production.
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| 3. |
- Olsen, Are, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Overview of the Nordic Seas CARINA data and salinity measurements
- 2009
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Ingår i: Earth System Science Data Discussions. - 1866-3591. ; 2, s. 1-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water column data of carbon and carbon relevant hydrographic and hydrochemical parameters from 188 previously non-publicly available cruises in the Arctic, Atlantic, and Southern Ocean have been retrieved and merged into a new database: CARINA (CARbon IN the Atlantic). The data have been subject to rigorous quality control (QC) in order to ensure highest possible quality and consistency. The data for most of the parameters included were examined in order to quantify systematic biases in the reported values, i.e. secondary quality control. Significant biases have been corrected for in the data products, i.e. the three merged files with measured, calculated and interpolated values for each of the three CARINA regions; the Arctic Mediterranean Seas (AMS), the Atlantic (ATL) and the Southern Ocean (SO). With the adjustments the CARINA database is consistent both internally as well as with GLODAP (Key et al., 2004) and is suitable for accurate assessments of, for example, oceanic carbon inventories and uptake rates and for model validation. The Arctic Mediterranean Seas includes the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas, and the quality control was carried out separately in these two areas. This contribution provides an overview of the CARINA data from the Nordic Seas and summarises the findings of the QC of the salinity data. One cruise had salinity data that were of questionable quality, and these have been removed from the data product. An evaluation of the consistency of the quality controlled salinity data suggests that they are consistent to at least 0.05.
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| 4. |
- Deng, X. H., et al.
(författare)
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Dynamics and waves near multiple magnetic null points in reconnection diffusion region
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202. ; 114:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Identifying the magnetic structure in the region where the magnetic field lines break and how reconnection happens is crucial to improving our understanding of three-dimensional reconnection. Here we show the in situ observation of magnetic null structures in the diffusion region, the dynamics, and the associated waves. Possible spiral null pair has been identified near the diffusion region. There is a close relation among the null points, the bipolar signature of the Z component of the magnetic field, and enhancement of the flux of energetic electrons up to 100 keV. Near the null structures, whistler-mode waves were identified by both the polarity and the power law of the spectrum of electric and magnetic fields. It is found that the angle between the fans of the nulls is quite close to the theoretically estimated maximum value of the group-velocity cone angle for the whistler wave regime of reconnection.
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| 5. |
- Butler, Geraldine, et al.
(författare)
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Evolution of pathogenicity and sexual reproduction in eight Candida genomes.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 459:7247, s. 657-62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Candida species are the most common cause of opportunistic fungal infection worldwide. Here we report the genome sequences of six Candida species and compare these and related pathogens and non-pathogens. There are significant expansions of cell wall, secreted and transporter gene families in pathogenic species, suggesting adaptations associated with virulence. Large genomic tracts are homozygous in three diploid species, possibly resulting from recent recombination events. Surprisingly, key components of the mating and meiosis pathways are missing from several species. These include major differences at the mating-type loci (MTL); Lodderomyces elongisporus lacks MTL, and components of the a1/2 cell identity determinant were lost in other species, raising questions about how mating and cell types are controlled. Analysis of the CUG leucine-to-serine genetic-code change reveals that 99% of ancestral CUG codons were erased and new ones arose elsewhere. Lastly, we revise the Candida albicans gene catalogue, identifying many new genes.
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| 7. |
- Löwemark, Ludvig, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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New evidence for a glacioeustatic influence on deep watercirculation, bottom water ventilation and primaryproductivity in the South China Sea
- 2009
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Ingår i: Dynamics of atmospheres and oceans (Print). - : Elsevier. - 0377-0265 .- 1872-6879. ; 47:1-3, s. 138-153
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We provide new evidence for the development of a stable estuarinecirculation characterized by stagnating water bodies, nutrientrecycling and increased primary productivity in the South ChinaSea (SCS) during glacial intervals. This circulation was caused bythe closure of the shallow and narrow straits connecting the SCSin the south and west. Our main evidence is derived from newlymeasured Mn concentrations and Mn/Al ratios in two sedimentcores from the northern and southeastern SCS covering the last500 ky. Concentrations and Mn/Al ratios of the redox sensitive elementMnshowclearglacial–interglacial cycles with maxima duringinterglacial periods and minima during glacial periods. These cyclesindicate ventilation cycles of the bottom water, and are connectedto the glacial–interglacial changes in sea level. In contrast, totalorganic carbon (TOC) concentrations display an opposite patternwith pronounced maxima during glacial times, especially in thesouthern part of the basin. The variations in TOC can be ascribed totwo factors. Firstly, variations in primary productivity are controlledby variations in the intensity of the winter monsoon. Secondlyto the degree of preservation of TOC controlled by variations inventilation, which in turn is ultimately controlled by sea level. Consequently, variations in TOC represent a superimposition ofprimarily sea level influenced preservation control and wintermonsoon driven variations in primary productivity intensity. Thedecrease in Mn correspond to times when sea level dropped40–60m below the present level. The larger amplitude of the variationsin TOC and Mn in the southern part of the basin compared tothe northern site suggest that oxygen depletion and nutrient recyclingwas stronger in the parts of the basin situated the furthest away from the only remaining opening to the open Pacific, the LuzonStrait.
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| 9. |
- Yang, T, et al.
(författare)
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Fe5O5[B6O10(OH)3]·nH2O: Wave-layered Iron Borate and Frustrated Antiferromagnetism
- 2009
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Ingår i: Inorganic Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0020-1669 .- 1520-510X. ; 48:23, s. 11209-11214
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The first layered iron borate, Fe5O5[B6O10(OH)3]·nH2O, has been prepared by the boric acid flux method. Its structure, determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction, contains a double FeO6-octahedral layer and an unusual [B6O13] chain. The rigid and cambered [B6O13] chains bend the octahedral layers, resulting in a wave-like and sandwiched structure. Crystallographic study indicates the structural modulation is mainly from the [B6O13] chains because of the insertion of water molecules in between. Nevertheless, FeO6 layers in the average structure, which are well separated by borate chains, is still a reasonable model to understand the two-dimensional magnetism. The strong antiferromagnetic interactions and the complex Fe3+-net suggest a possible geometrically magnetic frustration, which may be the reason for the second-order temperature-induced magnetic transition at 125 K. The condensed Fe3+ layers and the relatively low redox potential at about 1.25 V versus Li+/Li show its potentials as an anodic material.
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| 10. |
- Bollen, Math, et al.
(författare)
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Performance indices and objectives for microgrids
- 2009
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Ingår i: CIRED 20th International Conference on Electricity Distribution. - Red Hook, NY : Curran Associates, Inc.. - 9781615675227
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper gives recommendations to researchers and developers on how to evaluate the performance of microgrids during island operation. A microgrid is a small grid including distributed energy resources and loads that can operate independently in the case of emergency of distribution systems. During island operation, the performance requirements of microgrids could be different than those during interconnected operation. To quantify the performance of microgrids, we propose a number of performance indices for voltage quality and reliability.
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