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- Axelsson Linkowski, Weronika, et al.
(författare)
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Wolf and Bear Depredation on Livestock in Northern Sweden 1827-2014 : Combining History, Ecology and Interviews
- 2017
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Ingår i: Land. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-445X. ; 6:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the twenty-first century, large carnivores have increased in human dominated landscapes after being extinct or nearly extinct. This has resulted in increasing numbers of livestock killed by large carnivores. The intent of this paper is to give a land use-historical perspective on the recent livestock-carnivore conflict in boreal Sweden. More specifically we address: (1) depredation risks (livestock killed by carnivores) and (2) local knowledge of how to protect livestock from predation and whether it survived among pastoralists until the present. This study provides numeric information on carnivores, livestock and depredation, combined with oral information from summer farmers about livestock protection. We compare recent (since 1998) and historical (late nineteenth century) depredation rates in two Swedish counties. In Dalarna recent depredation rates are higher than historical rates while the opposite pattern is seen in Jamtland. Recent depredation rates in Dalarna are twice the recent rates in Jamtland, in contrast to the historical situation. Recent and historical depredation rates are of the same order. Summer farmers traditionally graze their livestock in forested areas where carnivores reside. Interviews show that traditional knowledge of how to protect livestock from carnivores was lost during the twentieth century, but recently new knowledge has developed leading to changes in summer farming practices. The carnivore-livestock situation today differs from the historical situation, not so much in levels of depredation, but mainly regarding the possibilities of farmers to face challenges associated with increasing carnivore populations.
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| 2. |
- Williamsson, Jon, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Barriers to business model innovation in urban freight
- 2017
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Ingår i: Metrans, I-NUF 2017.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Business model innovation is a process that facilitates the uptake of new and more sustainable technologies. Little research has been done to identify factors that hold back the development of new business models in the urban freight sector. This paper examines business model innovation linked to two technological innovations, heavy electric vehicles and digitization, as they were developed and introduced in the Swedish urban freight sector. Our results indicate that business model innovation fundamentally functions as a negotiation between the stakeholders that are actively engaged in the urban freight supply chain. Additionally, business model innovation and technological development are two closely related processes that influence each other, and as such they create a multilayered context for decision makers. Facing an uncertain and multifaceted reality, decision makers overlook or exclude stakeholders to decrease the number of variables that they need to consider. However, this also reduces the number of potential routes forward. Furthermore, actors that are engaged in collective business model innovation face considerable uncertainty about the responsibilities that they and other actors have toward each other. Barriers to business model innovation thus appear to be moderated not only by the strength of the relationship that exists between the actors in the urban freight supply chain but also by their ability to share a common view on the technology in question, the actor’s own function within the supply chain and their relationship to specific stakeholders.
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