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- Camén, Carolina, et al.
(författare)
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Management of Relationships in a Public Tendering Context
- 2006
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- AbstractThe theory of contracts indicates that formal contracts has to be complemented some sort of relationship management. At least this is the ideal situation, expected to exist on a business-to-business market, where there exists no formal regulations preventing exchanges of actors. In other contexts, there could be a conflict between the role played by formal contracts and the parties freedom to exercise the relationship management needed in order to create long-term viable relationships. The focus in this paper is therefore to investigate how relationships evolve and are managed in a context where a formal contract is the governing factor, controlling the service delivered. As empirical context, we have used the public transport area, were it exist long-term dyadic contractual relationships resulting from public tendering processes. The results of the paper indicate that the contract to a high extent governs the relationship, and very little space is left over to the parties to handle the relationship freely. This stresses the importance of how the contract is formulated, since the way the contract is written affect the outcome for a long period of time
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| 3. |
- Sunnevang, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Census Study of Real-Life Near-Side Crashes with Modern Side Airbag-Equipped Vehicles in the United States
- 2015
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Ingår i: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-9588 .- 1538-957X. ; 16:Supplement 1, s. S117-S124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: This study aimed to investigate the crash characteristics, injury distribution, and injury mechanisms for Maximum Abbreviated Injury Score (MAIS) 2+ injured belted, near-side occupants in airbag-equipped modern vehicles. Furthermore, differences in injury distribution for senior occupants compared to non-senior occupants was investigated, as well as whether the near-side occupant injury risk to the head and thorax increases or decreases with a neighboring occupant. Method: National Automotive Sampling System's Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) data from 2000 to 2012 were searched for all side impacts (GAD L&R, all principal direction of force) for belted occupants in modern vehicles (model year > 1999). Rollovers were excluded, and only front seat occupants over the age of 10 were included. Twelve thousand three hundred fifty-four MAIS 2+ injured occupants seated adjacent to the intruding structure (near-side) and protected by at least one deployed side airbag were studied. To evaluate the injury risk influenced by the neighboring occupant, odds ratio with an induced exposure approach was used. Result: The most typical crash occurred either at an intersection or in a left turn where the striking vehicle impacted the target vehicle at a 60 to 70 degrees angle, resulting in a moderate change of velocity (delta-V) and intrusion at the B-pillar. The head, thorax, and pelvis were the most frequent body regions with rib fracture the most frequent specific injury. A majority of the head injuries included brain injuries without skull fracture, and non-senior rather than senior occupants had a higher frequency of head injuries on the whole. In approximately 50% of the cases there was a neighboring occupant influencing injury outcome. Conclusion: Compared to non-senior occupants, the senior occupants sustained a considerably higher rate of thoracic and pelvis injuries, which should be addressed by improved thorax side airbag protection. The influence on near-side occupant injury risk by the neighboring occupant should also be further evaluated. Furthermore, side airbag performance and injury assessments in intersection crashes, especially those involving senior occupants in lower severities, should be further investigated and side impact dummy biofidelity and injury criteria must be determined for these crash scenarios.
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