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- Beral, V, et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer - collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58515 women with breast cancer and 95067 women without the disease
- 2002
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Ingår i: British Journal of Cancer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1532-1827 .- 0007-0920. ; 87, s. 1234-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alcohol and tobacco consumption are closely correlated and published results on their association with breast cancer have not always allowed adequately for confounding between these exposures. Over 80% of the relevant information worldwide on alcohol and tobacco consumption and breast cancer were collated, checked and analysed centrally. Analyses included 58515 women with invasive breast cancer and 95067 controls from 53 studies. Relative risks of breast cancer were estimated, after stratifying by study, age, parity and, where appropriate, women's age when their first child was born and consumption of alcohol and tobacco. The average consumption of alcohol reported by controls from developed countries was 6.0 g per day, i.e. about half a unit/drink of alcohol per day, and was greater in ever-smokers than never-smokers, (8.4 g per day and 5.0 g per day, respectively). Compared with women who reported drinking no alcohol, the relative risk of breast cancer was 1.32 (1.19 - 1.45, P < 0.00001) for an intake of 35 - 44 g per day alcohol, and 1.46 (1.33 - 1.61, P < 0.00001) for greater than or equal to 45 g per day alcohol. The relative risk of breast cancer increased by 7.1% (95% CI 5.5-8.7%; P<0.00001) for each additional 10 g per day intake of alcohol, i.e. for each extra unit or drink of alcohol consumed on a daily basis. This increase was the same in ever-smokers and never-smokers (7.1 % per 10 g per day, P < 0.00001, in each group). By contrast, the relationship between smoking and breast cancer was substantially confounded by the effect of alcohol. When analyses were restricted to 22 255 women with breast cancer and 40 832 controls who reported drinking no alcohol, smoking was not associated with breast cancer (compared to never-smokers, relative risk for ever-smokers= 1.03, 95% CI 0.98 - 1.07, and for current smokers=0.99, 0.92 - 1.05). The results for alcohol and for tobacco did not vary substantially across studies, study designs, or according to 15 personal characteristics of the women; nor were the findings materially confounded by any of these factors. If the observed relationship for alcohol is causal, these results suggest that about 4% of the breast cancers in developed countries are attributable to alcohol. In developing countries, where alcohol consumption among controls averaged only 0.4 g per day, alcohol would have a negligible effect on the incidence of breast cancer. In conclusion, smoking has little or no independent effect on the risk of developing breast cancer; the effect of alcohol on breast cancer needs to be interpreted in the context of its beneficial effects, in moderation, on cardiovascular disease and its harmful effects on cirrhosis and cancers of the mouth, larynx, oesophagus and liver. (C) 2002 Cancer Research UK.
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| 3. |
- Ardila-Ardila, A., et al.
(författare)
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HUMANS: una batería neuropsicologica para la evaluación de pacientes infectados con VIH-1 : [Humans: a neuropsychological battery for evaluating HIV-1 infected patients]
- 2003
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Ingår i: Revista de Neurocirugía. - 1514-3716. ; 36:8, s. 756-762
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. To develop a neuropsychological test battery in Spanish for the cognitive evaluation of HIV-1 infected patients. Development. Departing from the suggestions presented by the work group of the National Institute of Mental Health (USA), a neuropsychological assessment battery was developed. It was named HUMANS (HIV/University of Miami Annotated Neuropsychological test battery in Spanish). This battery includes the following domains: 1) attention and speed of processing information, 2) memory, 3) executive function, 4) language, 5) visuospacial/visuoconstructive abilities, and 6) motor abilities. Administration takes about 3-4 hours. The English parallel version of this battery has been successfully used in English for over a decade with HIV-1 infected patients. In the paper the development and adaptation to Spanish language of the HUMANS neuropsychology section is presented Conclusions. HUMANS neuropsychological test battery fulfill the recommendations presented by the workgroup of the National Institute of Mental Health for evaluating HIV-1 infected patients. Studies regarding validity and reliability are still required.
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| 4. |
- Gagliardi, L, et al.
(författare)
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Theoretical study of the lowest B-1(U) states of trans-stilbene
- 2002
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Ingår i: The Journal of Physical Chemistry Part A: Molecules, Spectroscopy, Kinetics, Environment and General Theory. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5215. ; 106:32, s. 7355-7361
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The results of a theoretical study of the ground state, 1(1)A(g), and of the lowest B-1(u) states of trans-stilbene are presented. The vertical and adiabatic excitation energies of the lowest B-1(u) states have been computed using multiconfigurational SCF theory, followed by second-order perturbation. theory. It is shown that the two lowest excited states are separated by a small energy gap in the Franck-Condon region. They are the 1(1)B(u), characterized by the HOMO-->LUMO single excitation substantially localized on the ethylenic moiety, and the 2(1)B(u), formed by a combination,of one electron excitations localized mainly on the benzene rings. The most intense transition is found to be the lowest in energy when the interaction between different states is included at the level of second-order perturbation theory. The vibronic structure of emission and absorption spectra of the two lowest B-1(u) states have been determined within the Franck-Condon approximation. The spectrum calculated for the 1(1)B(u) state agrees with the experimental spectrum, while the low intensity band computed for the 2(1)B(u) state has no experimental counterpart. It is concluded that this band is buried in the strong 1(1)B(u) absorption and therefore not observed.
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| 6. |
- Johansson, Boo, et al.
(författare)
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Change in cognitive cababilities in the old-old: The effects of proximity to death in genetically-related individuals over a six-year period.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Psych Aging. - : American Psychological Association (APA). ; :19, s. 145-156
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Change in cognitive abilities was assessed over a 6-year period in a sample of monozygotic and same-sex dizygotic twin pairs (N = 507 individuals), aged 80 and older (mean age = 83.3 years: SD = 3.1). who remained nondemented over the course of the study. Latent growth models (LGMs) show that chronological age and time to death are consistent predictors of decline in measures of memory, reasoning, speed, and verbal abilities. Multivariate LGM analysis resulted in weak and often negative correlations among rates of change between individuals within twin pairs, indicating greater differential change within twin pairs than occurs on average across twin pairs. These findings highlight several challenges for estimating genetic sources of variance in the context of compromised health and mortality-related change
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