| 1. |
- Carlsson, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
-
Delay Performance in IP Routers
- 2004
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The main goals of the paper are towards an understanding of the delay process in best-effort Internet for both non-congested and congested networks. A dedicated measurement system is re-ported for delay measurements in IP routers, which follows specifications of the IETF RFC 2679. The system is using both passive measurements and active probing. Dedicated application-layer software is used to generate UDP traffic with TCP-like characteristics. Pareto traffic models are used to generate self-similar traffic in the link. The reported results are in the form of several impor-tant statistics regarding processing delay of a router, router delay for a single data flow, router delay for more data flows as well as end-to-end delay for a chain of routers. We confirm results reported earlier about the fact that the delay in IP routers is generally influenced by traffic characteristics, link conditions and, at some extent, details in hardware implementation and different IOS releases. The delay in IP routers usually shows heavy-tailed characteristics. It may also occasionally show extreme values, which are due to improper functioning of the routers.
|
|
| 2. |
- Carlsson, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
-
Modelling of Ethernet Traffic on Multiple Timescales
- 2004
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ethernet is one of the most common link layer technologies, used in local area networks, wireless networks and wide area networks. There is however a lack of traffic models for Ethernet that is usable in performance analysis. In this paper we use such a model. The model operates on matching multiple moments of the bit rate at several timescales. In order to match the model parameters to measured traffic, five methods have been developed. We use this to model three different links; the BCpOct89 Bellcore trace, an Internet access link and an ADSL link. Our results show that, as the number of sources present on an Ethernet link grows, the model becomes better and less complex.
|
|
| 3. |
- Constantinescu, Doru, et al.
(författare)
-
Measurement of One-Way Internet Packet Delay
- 2004
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper reports on a dedicated measurement system for delay measurements in IP routers, which follows specifications of the IETF RFC 2679. The system uses both passive and active measurements. Dedicated application-layer software is used to generate traffic. Pareto traffic models are used to generate self-similar traffic in the link. Both packet inter-arrival times and packet sizes are matching real traffic models. A passive measurement system is used for data collection that is based on using several so-called Measurement Points, each of them equipped with DAG monitoring cards. Hashing is used for the identification and matching of packets. The combination of passive measurements and active probing, together with using the DAG monitoring system, gives us an unique possibility to perform precise traffic measurements as well as the flexibility needed to compensate for the lack of analytic solutions.
|
|
| 4. |
- Ewald, Jonas, 1959, et al.
(författare)
-
A strategic conflict analysis for the Great Lakes region
- 2004
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to give some input to the preparation process of a new regional strategy for Swedish international development co- operation in the Great Lakes region. The report draws on a number of field visits carried out from May to November 2003. Extensive reviews of secondary material were also conducted. The report is organised in a three sections: the first section with an intro- duction and theoretical point of departure and an overview of the major sources of conflicts on the regional level, a chapter on regional conflict resolu- tions mechanisms and lastly a chapter outlining crosscutting issues from the country analyses; the second section consists of a chapter on scenarios and a chapter on policy recommendations; the third section consists of country analyses of Rwanda, Burundi, DRC, Uganda and Kenya. In the country analyses, we show the major structural, proxy and triggering factors behind the current conflict configuration. The country analyses constitute the stepping- stone for the crosscutting issues and regional analysis in section two. The overall conclusion of our work is that the peace process has taken some very important steps forward during 2003. Both the governments of the region, and the international donors display a commitment to peace and development. Despite certain local outbreaks of violence in more than one of the countries, the generalised violence has come to a halt. However, this situation cannot be taken for granted, and there are still risks for reversals. It is this perspective the future role of the international community must be seen. Among the concepts included in our theoretical points of departure are the well-known distinction between direct violence and structural violence. The present military situation, with fading expres- sions of violence, means that direct violence in the region is fading, while there are still no signs of any coherent strategy for what we have chosen to call structural violence reduction. Thus, first and foremost, the international donors should at all costs promote a development strategy which is based the immediate need to direct all efforts to reduce the structural violence in the region. Basically, this is about dealing with people’s basic needs satisfaction. Without this, huge amounts of people, not least young people, in the region will continue to be vulnerable and receptive for any kind of mobilisation to renewed direct violence.
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
- Ewald, Jonas, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
-
Lake Victoria Region - a strategic conflict analysis
- 2004
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Different types of actual and potential conflicts around Lake Victoria and East Africa are analysed. Policy recommendation for potential interventions.
|
|
| 7. |
- Ewald, Jonas, 1959, et al.
(författare)
-
Strategic conflict analysis: Lake Victoria region
- 2004
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall objective of the Strategic Conflict Analysis of the Lake Victoria is to deepen Sidas understanding of potential and ongoing conflicts, with the aim of strengthening Sida's ability to contribute to conflict management responses in the regions. The analysis includes an overview of the regional conflict context in order to identify current trends within the regions and map out conflict related risks and opportunities for promoting peace, with a view to outlining a number of options for Sida's work in the future.
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Möller, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
-
ECPR (ElerctroChemical Pattern Replication) : Metal Printing for Advanced Package Applications
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of 6th Electronics Packaging Technology Conference. - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Service Center. - 0780388216 ; , s. 294-297
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- ECPR (electrochemical pattern replication) is a new fabrication process for the production of microstructures in conducting materials. Using ECPR, the cost of metallization for advanced packaging solutions can be significantly reduced compared to using lithography based processes. The technology utilizes a reusable master electrode for electrochemical pattern replication, which enables direct metallization with short cycle times, high throughput and comparably low equipment investments. ECPR provides metallization on most substrates such as silicon wafers, ceramic substrates and flexible or rigid organic substrates. The technique currently enables pattern transfer of copper structures down to 5/5 /spl mu/m line/space with uniform material distribution and high resolution patterns with small line width variations. Results from replication studies on both ultrathin polyimide substrates and silicon wafers are presented.
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
