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- Richter, Hans O., et al.
(författare)
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The effects of inverting prisms on the horizontal-vertical illusion : a systematic effect of downward gaze
- 2007
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Ingår i: Experimental Brain Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0014-4819 .- 1432-1106. ; 183:1, s. 9-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this work is to compare the relative contributions from the extraocular and sensory systems on the magnitude of the horizontal-vertical illusion (HVI). The visual HVI refers to the general tendency to overestimate vertical extensions of small-scale lines on a picture plane relative to the horizontal by 4-16% depending on the method of measurement. The HVI line stimuli consisted of luminous vertical and horizontal lines forming "L-profiles" located in the frontoparallel plane at a 45 cm viewing distance, collinearly with a binocular gaze. The home position of gaze was aligned to the center of the screen with the ear-eye angle concordant with the environmental horizontal. Illusion strength was quantified when subjects fixated the HVI line stimuli in four quadrants of the visual field. The HVI was also viewed through prism lenses that inverted the retinal images by 180 degrees , thereby dissociating the sensory "up-down" direction from the oculomotor up-down frame of reference. The results revealed a systematically lower magnitude of the HVI in the bottom visual field regardless of whether subjects fixated the HVI with the distorting prisms or without. Taken together, these results suggest that the HVI is sensitive to small-angle gaze shifts. In agreement with several recent findings, these results are interpreted as implying that the brain imposes an enhanced analytic structure on the ascending sensory information during downward gaze.
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- Wennberg, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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The risk of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death amongst snuff users with or without a previous history of smoking.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Internal Medicine. - : Wiley. - 0954-6820 .- 1365-2796. ; 262:3, s. 360-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To investigate the risk of a first myocardial infarction (MI) and sudden cardiac death (SCD) amongst male snuff users. DESIGN: We used a prospective incident case-referent study design nested in the population-based Västerbotten Intervention Program and the Northern Sweden MONICA study. SUBJECTS: Tobacco habits and cardiovascular risk factors were assessed at baseline screening and compared in 525 male MI cases (including 93 SCD cases) and 1798 matched referents. RESULTS: Myocardial infarction occurred on average 4 years and 2 months after the baseline screening. No increased risk for MI was found amongst snuff users without a previous history of smoking compared with nontobacco users after adjustments for body mass index, leisure time physical activity, educational level and cholesterol level (OR 0.82; 95% CI, 0.46-1.43). For snuff users with a previous history of smoking, the adjusted OR was 1.25 (95% CI, 0.80-1.96). Significantly increased risk for MI was found in current smokers with or without current snuff use. For SCD cases with survival time<24 h, the adjusted OR for snuff users without previous history of smoking was 1.18 (95% CI, 0.38-3.70) and for cases with survival time<1 h the OR was 0.38 (95% CI, 0.08-1.89). CONCLUSIONS: We found no increased risk for MI amongst snuff users without a previous history of smoking. Amongst snuff users with a previous history of smoking, the tendency towards an increased risk for MI may reflect the residual risk from former smoking. This study does not support the hypothesis that the risk for SCD is increased amongst snuff users.
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