| 1. |
- Algers, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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Animal health safety of fresh meat derived from pigs vaccinated against classic swine fever
- 2009
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Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Classical swine fever (CSF) is a disease that has been causing major socio-economic damages in the EU during the last decades. Although considerable progress has been made in the eradication and prevention of the disease, the threat for an epidemic still exists. The measures to control and eradicate CSF are laid down in Community legislation (Council Directive 2001/89/EC and Commission Decision 2002/106/EC) and are based on stamping-out when CSF is confirmed on pig holdings. Emergency vaccination with 'conventional' live attenuated vaccine or marker vaccine can be used as an additional tool to control and eradicate the disease. In order to support and to improve the control and eradication measures as regards CSF in domestic pigs, EFSA was requested by the Commission to provide scientific advice on the safety of fresh meat (freedom from field virus) derived from vaccinated pigs. Specifically, two terms of reference were given: a) what is the risk that wild-type CSF virus is present in fresh meat obtained from pigs vaccinated in an emergency situation during an outbreak?; and b) what are the sampling schemes and testing procedures needed to detect field virus in fresh meat derived from such vaccinated pigs? Two types of vaccines are currently authorised in the EU for CSF: - A modified live vaccine (MLV, C-strain), which is safe and efficacious, inducing early protection; - An E2 subunit vaccine (E2subV, marker), safe, allowing serological DIVA, but with lower efficacy than MLV. The usefulness of emergency vaccination in order to limit disease spread and avoid excessive culling and economic damages remains to be evaluated. Very limited data related to the presence of CSFV in fresh meat have been generated after the implementation of a non-vaccination strategy. Therefore, a simulation modelling approach was developed to assess the risk of emergency vaccination on the safety of meat compared to the current control of CSF in domestic pigs without vaccination. CSFV is relatively stable in fresh meat and resists the maturation process in meat. Depending on the strain virulence, the age and breed, infected pigs die rapidly or may recover or can develop chronic infections. Viraemia is variable in duration and degree but it is always linked to the spread of virus to other body tissues including skeletal muscles (meat). The risk scenario includes two events that must happen before an infected animal is slaughtered and infected meat released: an infected herd has to escape clinical diagnosis before lifting of restrictions and during the final screening such a herd is not detected due to sample selection or false negative laboratory tests. Three scenarios were evaluated through the model: 1. Stamping-out of CSF detected as infected herds, standstill and pre-emptive culling. 2. Stamping-out of CSF detected as infected herds, standstill and emergency vaccination assuming a rapid protection. 3. Same as 2 but assuming a slower protection and DIVA property. It was concluded from the model that none of the strategies could reduce the risk to absolute zero. Lifting of restrictions can only occur after a certain time span (longer than the viraemic period of infected animals) after the last outbreak, thus the number of virus-positive animals in vaccinated infected herds at lifting will be very small. The model indicated that there is a lower risk of virus in fresh meat after emergency vaccination around outbreaks compared to the conventional strategy including pre-emptive culling, provided that control measures are adjusted to the applied vaccine and test systems. Adjustments may for instance include size of vaccination area, sampling schemes and timing of lift-up of restrictions. Any non-compliance of control measures will increase the risk of infectious animals remaining after lift-up. Chronically infected pigs are a potential hazard for fresh meat. However, in the risk assessment it was assumed that chronically infected pigs will be identified either by clinical signs and/or laboratory tests. Clinical diagnosis is unreliable and laboratory confirmation is needed. Highly sensitive and specific diagnostic assays are available to diagnose CSF. Agent detection tests are more suitable during early stages of infection. A positive rRT-PCR diagnosis indicates that an animal has been infected with the wild type or MLV virus but it is not necessarly still infectious. Antibody detection tests are mainly suitable for monitoring and surveillance purposes, but not for early diagnosis of suspect cases. Concerning the efficiency of the monitoring scheme, it is directly related to the diagnostic systems applied (organ sample, sensitivity, specificity) and to the number of samples taken. In case of selecting samples for rRT-PCR based on fever measurement in vaccinated animals, the sample size should be corrected. In terms of overall efficiency, rRT-PCR for virus detection and ELISA-systems for antibody investigation are the tests of choice. Vaccinated animals, that at an appropriate lift-up time are tested rRT-PCR negative for the wild type virus, can be considered as “zero risk” animals. If only a few animals become infected in a herd, which is possible especially when vaccination is applied, sampling and testing only a proportion of the animals may result in not detecting such an outbreak
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Appelgren, Lars-Erik
(författare)
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Homeopathic remedies
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 4. |
- Arnemo, Jon
(författare)
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Professorale ytringer
- 2009
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Ingår i: Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift. - 0332-5741. ; 121, s. 238-
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 5. |
- Egenvall, Agneta, et al.
(författare)
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Insurance data for research in companion animals: benefits and limitations
- 2009
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Ingår i: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-605X .- 1751-0147. ; 51
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The primary aim of this article is to review the use of animal health insurance data in the scientific literature, especially in regard to morbidity or mortality in companion animals and horses. Methods and results were compared among studies on similar health conditions from different nations and years. A further objective was to critically evaluate benefits and limitations of such databases, to suggest ways to maximize their utility and to discuss the future use of animal insurance data for research purposes. Examples of studies on morbidity, mortality and survival estimates in dogs and horses, as well as neoplasia in dogs, are discussed.We conclude that insurance data can and should be used for research purposes in companion animals and horses. Insurance data have been successfully used, e. g. to quantify certain features that may have been hitherto assumed, but unmeasured. Validation of insurance databases is necessary if they are to be used in research. This must include the description of the insured population and an evaluation of the extent to which it represents the source population. Data content and accuracy must be determined over time, including the accuracy/consistency of diagnostic information. Readers must be cautioned as to limitations of the databases and, as always, critically appraise findings and synthesize information with other research. Similar findings from different study designs provide stronger evidence than a sole report. Insurance data can highlight common, expensive and severe conditions that may not be evident from teaching hospital case loads but may be significant burdens on the health of a population.
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| 6. |
- Ekwall, Hans
(författare)
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Cryo-scanning Electron Microscopy Discloses Differences in Dehydration of Frozen Boar Semen Stored in Large Containers
- 2009
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Ingår i: Reproduction in Domestic Animals. - : Wiley. - 0936-6768 .- 1439-0531. ; 44, s. 62-68
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In general, freezing in flat plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bags (FlatPacks) at 50 degrees C/min gives better post-thaw viability, in terms of sperm motility and membrane integrity, than does freezing in plastic maxi-straws, probably owing to differences in cryobiology. To test the hypothesis that this better survival post-thaw relates to the degree of sperm dehydration during freezing, the present study investigated the structure of boar semen in a frozen state using cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) to compare two different packages (FlatPacks and maxi-straws) for single artificial insemination (AI) doses, and three different freezing rates. The semen was split-sample frozen in maxi-straws or FlatPacks (both holding 5 ml) using 3% glycerol as cryoprotectant. Three freezing rates were applied from -5 degrees C to -100 degrees C, namely 2 degrees C/min, 50 degrees C/min and 1200 degrees C/min, the lattermost by plunging the samples into liquid nitrogen (LN(2)). The samples were thereafter fractured into LN(2) and larger areas of extra-cellular, unbound frozen water ('ice lakes') were measured to determine the degree of dehydration of the spermatozoa. These areas decreased in size with an increase in cooling rate, the differences in size being more dramatic for maxi-straws than for FlatPacks. Size of ice lakes was also influenced by location within package in relation to cooling rate, the central values being always smaller in maxi-straws than in Flatpacks (p < 0.05 at 2 degrees C/min and 50 degrees C/min) but not at 1200 degrees C/min, which suggested the FlatPack allows for more homogenous freezing of boar semen.
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| 7. |
- Elzinga, Aant, 1937
(författare)
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Drömmar om en elefant. Några ämneshistoriska anteckningar
- 2009
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Ingår i: Vi vet något. Festskrift till Jan Bärmark, Margareta Hallberg (red.). - Göteborg : University of Gothenburg. - 9789197623919 ; , s. 73-93
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Bakgrunden till ämnet vetenskapsteorins införande vid Göteborgs universitet och dess utveckling såsom en del av "forskning om forskning" och senare koppling till vetenskapsstudier (STS) tas upp på basis av en genomgång av skrifter och dokument fram till 1995. Kapitlet innehåller en tabell med 25 nyckelhändelser mellan 1975-1995. Analogin med "drömman om en elefant" anspelar på titeln på en bok red. av J. Bärmark 1984, Forskning om forskning, eller konsten att beskriva en elefant. Framställningen i kapitlet inkluderar ett avsnitt om det antika indiska ämnet "Elefantologi" och antyder att "Forskning om forskning" blev en "vit elefant".
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| 8. |
- Fröberg, Sofie, et al.
(författare)
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Behaviour of dairy calves suckling the dam in a barn with automatic milking or being fed milk substitute from an automatic feeder in a group pen
- 2009
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Ingår i: Applied Animal Behaviour Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-1591 .- 1872-9045. ; 117, s. 150-158
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to investigate the suckling behaviour of dairy calves allowed to suckle freely in a barn with an automatic milking (AM) system and how their behaviour differed from the behaviour of calves given milk substitute from an automatic feeder. For the first 8 weeks of life, calves of the dairy breed Swedish Red were either suckling freely (FS, n = 16) from the dam in an AM barn or kept in groups with automatic feeding (HM, n = 18) with an allowance of 9 kg of milk substitute per day. All treatments had concentrate and hay ad lib. Focal calves in FS and HM treatments were observed one day in weeks 2, 4 and 8, at 08:00-10:00 and the FS calves' suckling behaviour was observed for a 24-h period once weekly. The HM calves moved, ate concentrate and ate hay more than the FS calves, whereas the FS calves lay down and ruminated more than the HM calves. Cross-sucking and tongue-rolling were displayed in HM but not in FS calves. Of the suckling bouts recorded in FS calves 80% was on the dam. Four calves were recorded suckling solely on their dam, but most of the calves were observed attempting to suckle or suckling on other cows in the group once or twice. The total suckling time and number of suckling bouts during week 2-8 on all cows decreased with increasing calf age. In conclusion, the free-suckling calves ate less solid feed, rested more and exhibited fewer non-nutritive oral and abnormal behaviours compared to the calves fed milk substitute from an automatic feeder, and some calves often suckled on other cows. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 9. |
- Lord, Peter
(författare)
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Radiographic features of cardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs with mitral regurgitation: 61 cases (1998-2007)
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. - : American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA). - 0003-1488. ; 235, s. 1058-1063
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-in dogs with cardiogenic PE, a symmetric radiographic distribution of increased pulmonary opacity was predominantly associated with a central MRJ, whereas an asymmetric radiographic distribution was usually associated with eccentric MRJ, especially in dogs with MVD. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009-1235:1058-1063)
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| 10. |
- Marques, Joana M.
(författare)
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The Spatial Learning Phenotype of Heterozygous Leaner Mice is Robust to Systematic Variation of the Housing Environment
- 2009
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Ingår i: Comparative Medicine. - 1532-0820. ; 59, s. 129-138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Providing stimulation and allowing the performance of motivated behaviors through environmental enrichment improves learning and memory in rodents and delays cognitive impairment in neurodegenerative disease models. The leaner mutation affects the Ca(v)2.1 voltage-gated calcium channel alpha(1A)-subunit gene, and homozygous mice show severe phenotypic alterations. Although several authors have described heterozygous mice as normal, recent studies in our laboratory indicate motor and cognitive impairment in tg(ln)/+ mice. In the present study, we evaluated whether this impairment is robust to systematic variation of the housing environment from barren to standard and furnished (enriched) cages. Wildtype (n = 55) and tg(la)/+ (n = 79) C57B1/6J mice were assigned. randomly to 1 of the 3 housing systems and tested on the Morris water maze at 6, 12, and 20 mo of age. The results confirmed impaired performance in tg(la)/+ mice, particularly in older mice. At 12 and 20 mo, only wildtype (and not tg(la)/+) mice showed evidence of learning (spending increased time in the target quadrant) during the probe trial. Housing also affected performance: at 12 mo, only mice from furnished cages showed evidence of learning, and in aged mice (20 mo), only those housed in more complex environments showed long-term memory (8 mo after previous testing) of the platform position. In conclusion, a heterozygous mutation in a Ca(2+) channel gene causes cognitive deficits in leaner mice that are robust to environmental variation but attenuated by physical and behavioral stimulation.
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