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Search: (hsv:(SAMHÄLLSVETENSKAP)) hsvcat:1 > (1980-1989)

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1.
  • Fahlander, Olov (author)
  • Hemligheten bakom datorgenererad musik
  • 1980
  • Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Föredraget kommer av utrymmesskäl att ganska summariskt behandla möjligheterna till musikalisk ljudsyntes med digitala metoder främst med tanke på ”personal computing”. Vissa utvikningar utöver detta är oundvikliga och föredraget har därför mer karaktären av översikt snarare än en mer detaljerad genomgång av speciella metoder. Några konkreta exempel på hårdvarulösningar har dock redovisats och därutöver hänvisas till ett antal referenser som för den intresserade kan ge en mer detaljerad förståelse .Föredraget är uppdelat på tre huvudgrupper: Klang syntes, interaktion och komposition, där det förstnämnda ges mest utrymme. Enligt min personliga uppfattning ligger dock dom intressanta spörsmålen inom det sistnämnda området och det är antagligen här de största in satserna i framtiden kommer att göras, när väl hårdvaruutvecklingen mognat tillräckligt.Det kan nämnas i detta sammanhang att forskningen inom områden som dessa för ett mycket tynande liv, trots att musikindustrin, framtidens stora avnämare för dess resultat, omsätter svindlande summor över hela världen . I Europa är det främst i Paris vid IRCAM som en satsning av betydelse sker. De amerikanska universiteten har annars svarat för den främsta utvecklingen. Detta områdes stora popularitet ]land hobbymänniskor bevisas av att det numera utkommer en specialtidskrift ”Computer music journal” med fyra nummer per år samt att artiklar inom området är mycket vanliga i hobbytidskrifter som ”Byte” och liknande.
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3.
  • Brännäs, Kurt, 1949- (author)
  • On estimation in econometric systems in the presence of time-varying parameters
  • 1980
  • Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Economic systems are often subject to structural variability. For the achievement of correct structural specification in econometric modelling it is then important to allow for parameters that are time-varying, and to apply estimation techniques suitably designed for inference in such models. One realistic model assumption for such parameter variability is the Markovian model, and Kaiman filtering is then assumed to be a convenient estimator. In the thesis several aspects of using Kaiman filtering approaches to estimation in that framework are considered. The application of the Kaiman filter to estimation in econometric models is straightforward if a set of basic assumptions are satisfied, and if necessary initial specifications can be accurately made. Typically, however, these requirements can generally not be perfectly met. It is therefore of great importance to know the consequences of deviations from the basic assumptions and correct initial specifications for inference, in particular for the small sample situations typical in econometrics. If the consequences are severe it is essential to develop techniques to cope with such aspects.For estimation in interdependent systems a two stage Kaiman filter is proposed and evaluated, theoretically, as well as by a small sample Monte Carlo study, and empirically. The estimator is approximative, but with promising small sample properties. Only if the transition matrix of the parameter model and an initial parameter vector are misspecified, the performance deteriorates. Furthermore, the approach provides useful information about structural properties, and forms a basis for good short term forecasting.In a reduced form fraaework most of the basic assumptions of the traditional Kaiman filter are relaxed, and the implications are studied. The case of stochastic regressors is, under reasonable additional assumptions, shown to result in an estimator structurally similar to that due to the basic assumptions. The robustness properties are such that in particular the transition matrix and the initial parameter vector should be carefully estimated. An estimator for the joint estimation of the transition matrix, the parameter vector and the model residual variance is suggested and utilized to study the consequences of a misspecified parameter model. By estimating th transitions the parameter estimates are seen to be robust in this respect.
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4.
  • Petersson, Göran, 1941 (author)
  • Exposition för bilavgaser
  • 1980
  • In: Barnets totala trafikmiljö; NU 1980:16. - 9170525072 ; , s. 81-85
  • Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Slutsatser av ett par års haltmätningar för avgasspecifika kolväten i tätortsmiljöer presenterades. Konstruerade diagram visades över hur expositionen typiskt varierar dels under en kort promenad utefter en gata och dels under ett helt dygn. Kunskaper om typiska haltskillnader mellan olika närmiljöer ger underlag både för trafikplanering och för den som själv omgående vill minska sin exposition.
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5.
  • Petersson, Göran, 1941 (author)
  • Exposure to Traffic Exhaust
  • 1987
  • In: Traffic and Children´s Health; NHV 1987:2; Lennart Köhler & Hugh Jackson (eds). ; , s. 117-127
  • Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Exhaust levels are high near to traffic, inside cars in queus and inside garages. Parents can warn their children to avoid places where exhaust can be smelt. Physical activity such as cycling increases uptake of the pollutants. Keeping a distance to vehicles is then particularly important.
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6.
  • Andersson, Peter (author)
  • Informationsteknologi i organisationer : bestämningsfaktorer och mönster
  • 1989
  • Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Researchers in this field have placed different emphasis on the structural constraints visa- vis the freedom of the actors. An awareness that IT is a social construction does not necessarily mean that some individual actor or actor entity can perform freely. An inflexible, tightly structured social situation can considerably limit the action space. Actors are hemmed in by "objective" circumstances, ie, a rather closely controlled situation established by other actors, and which is apparently unyielding in the face of technological decisions.By creating a perspective that addresses both structural and actor aspects, this study attempts a holistic understanding which will lay bare the probable dialectic process between the changeable and the nonchangeable. This aspiration to comprehend the whole, when viewed against the complex character of the subject, calls for an understanding oriented approach.The study at hand deals with the choice of information technology in organizations, with special focus on automatic data processing (ADP) for administrative purposes. Its main aim is to improve an understanding of factors that determine the choice of ADP technology in organizations.The empirical section of the work at hand consists of two case studies and an overview study. The case studies, which concern two extensive ADP projects, are emphasized. The purpose of these two projects was to raise the degree of computerization and to choose both a configuration and degree of uniformity. In both cases however the configuration turned out to be the most critical issue. One concerned the administration of social insurance in Sweden, Rationalisering av den allmänna försäkringens administration (Rationalization of the Swedish social insurance administration), hereafter called the RAFA project. The other case study, referred to here as the FFV study, deals with an administrative system for the manufacturing sector of the FFV Group  The overview study, called the Norrköping study, deals mainly with the technological level and the ADP configuration in a wide spectrum of organizations. The level and the configuration are viewed against an overarching organizational structure, the worksite placement of qualified ADP staff, the line of business and the size of the firm. The study consists of an opinion poll and three delimited secondary studies.In the initial stage of each project, rational motives dominated. These were founded on cost and effect assessments and on developments in the field of computer science. From a structural viewpoint, investments in computers seemed self-evident; efficiency goals were paramount. However, an ADP undertaking entails not only rationalization in the conventional sense, it also brings to the ideational aspects inherent in the organization. While ADP technology was believed necessary, it became, in the preplanning and argumentation phase, a means of projecting socially determined concepts and goals. An ADP solution was sought which would combine the latest innovations in computer science with the dominant actors' organizational ideas.The dominant actors at FFV were for the most part newly appointed managers, imprinted with other organizational ideals and relationships than those characterizing FFV. The choice stood between a departure from company tradition by selecting a solution based on local minicomputers, or expanding the existing centralized main frame facility. The critics were specialists who had taken part in the design of the existing configuration. At FFV, the structural determinants had to be toned down in favor of the deliberate performance of the dominant actors. In the RAF A case, the opposite was true. The critics wanted a certain change of existing circumstances, while the dominant actors sought to preserve status quo and its underlying ideas. In the RAF A case, ADP thus became a cementing force rather than the catalyst.The Norrkoping study clearly indicates that the direction and size of an enterprise has primary importance for how much the computers are used. The ADP configuration appearance varies mainly with the organizational relationships. This is true for the placement of ADP staff and the overall structure of the organization. The main tendency is that the configuration reflects the relationships in an organization. This supports the view in the case studies that proximity to and control of the ADP has a major organizational value.
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9.
  • Malmgren, Helge, 1945 (author)
  • On the nature of reinforcement.
  • 1985
  • In: Göteborg Psychological Reports. - 0301-0996. ; 16:3
  • Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • In this paper I model learning through negative reinforcement as a kind of random walk and report some simulations of the model.
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10.
  • Edvardsson, Bo, 1944- (author)
  • Marked reversals in a questionnaire
  • 1980
  • In: Perceptual and Motor Skills. - : SAGE Publications. - 0031-5125 .- 1558-688X. ; 50, s. 958-958
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In an attitude investigation with 260 respondents and 75 Likert type attitude statements a number of reversals of answers were found in the questionnaires, i.e. first marking response 2 and then changing it to 4. There were 71 reversals for items 1-25, 54 reversals for items 26-50 and 16 reversals for items 51-75, which suggests a practice effect. The mean number of words in the three groups increased (7,6 to 8,7 to 10,4).  7 items had 5 or more reversals - they hade the mean 5,9 words but some of them had words with negative prefixes. The method of counting and analyzing reversals in questionnaires is relevant for judging reliability. Some wrong answers may never have been reversed. 
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