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| 2. |
- Ahlström, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Performance of a one-camera and a three-camera system
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Driving and operating a vehicle is to a great extent a visual task. In driver behaviour studies it is therefore important to be able to measure where the driver is looking. Today this can be done unobtrusively and remotely in real-time with camera based eye tracking. The most common remote eye tracking systems use multiple cameras in order to give satisfactory results. However, promising results using only one camera has recently emerged on the market. The main objective of this study is to compare eye tracking systems with one and three cameras, respectively, during various measurement conditions.A total of 53 participants were enrolled in the study. Data from the two eye trackers were acquired and analysed in terms of availability, accuracy and precision. The results indicate that both availability and accuracy are affected by many different factors. The most important factors are the number of cameras that is used and the angular distance from straight ahead. In the central region (straight ahead) both one-camera and three-camera systems have a high degree of accuracy and availability, but with increasing distance from the central region, the results deteriorate. This effect falls harder upon the one-camera system. Interestingly, there were no significant effects when wearing glasses in either availability or accuracy. There was however an interaction effect between distance and glasses.Advantages with a one-camera system are that it is cheaper, easier to operate and easier to install in a vehicle. A multi-camera system will, on the other hand, provide higher availability and accuracy for areas that are far from the road centre. A one-camera system is thus mostly suitable for in-vehicle applications such as systems that warn drivers for sleepiness or distraction while multi-camera solutions are preferable for research purposes.
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| 3. |
- Ahmed, Ishtiaque, et al.
(författare)
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Urban Road Accidents in Dhaka, Bangladesh
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference Road Safety on Four Continents. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, is the most vulnerable city both in terms of total number of accidents and accident rates. A total number of 2,720 accidents occurred during 2007-2011. This has caused a total of 1,481 numbers of pedestrian fatal accidents with 1,562 pedestrian fatal casualties. The primary objective of the paper is to study the characteristics of the road traffic accidents in Dhaka. The study area for this study is Dhaka Metropolitan Area. The paper focused on a few selected parameters a) Trend in overall accident rates b) Monthly variation of accident rates c) Accidents by severity levels d) Collision types e) Accidents in different lighting conditions. The raw data in the form of Accident Report Forms (ARFs) were collected from Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP). A GIS database was prepared for accidents showing locations and details for the period of 2007-2011. The analysis showed that on an average, the total number of traffic accidents is reduced by 11% each year. No profound effect of weather/season on road accidents is found. Fatal accidents and motor collisions are decreasing while injury accidents are increasing. Most traffic accidents: cause fatality (69%) and hit a pedestrian (60%). Fifty four percept of the accidents occurred during daytime. The paper recommends improvement measures for the road accident data collection and management system in Dhaka, Bangladesh. That includes the training need for the police staff, need for a geo-referenced database for data storage and management and involvement of multiple agencies in the process. This paper also recommends further studies on the extent and characteristics of underreporting of accidents.
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| 4. |
- Assum, Terje, et al.
(författare)
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Accidents Risk and Road Safety Among Immigrants in Norway
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference Road Safety on Four Continents. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Immigrants make up 13.1 % of the population of Norway in 2012. Immigrant drivers in Norway have considerably higher accident risk, measured as personal-injury accidents per 1000 license holders, than drivers born in Norway. Drivers from the Middle East and Africa have more than twice the accidents risk of drivers born in Norway or immigrant drivers from the western world. Accident risk is calculated using the national registers of road accidents, driver’s licenses and the Norwegian population. Factors which may explain these differences in accident risk were studied by focus group interviews and a questionnaire survey. Language problems, worries about family in the country of origin, attitudes to road traffic rules and driving behavior reflected in the number of road traffic violation fines may contribute to explaining the differences in road accident risk.
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| 5. |
- Broberg, Thomas K, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Safe mobility for elderly drivers-Considerations based on expert and self-assessment
- 2014
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 66, s. 104-113
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To further understand the needs of the growing population of elderly drivers and create solutions for safe mobility it is important to understand the driving scenarios and aspects in day to day traffic that may be of challenge for this group. More so, individual differences in how drivers perceive their own driving ability may have an effect on how individuals limit their mobility and/or increase their exposure to risk situations, with a potential negative effect on safety. In this study two sets of assessments have been used in order to identify scenarios and aspects needing consideration in creating safe mobility for elderly drivers; an expert assessment using on-road driving together with assessments through semi structured in-depth interviews. This combination also enables categorisation of the drivers, comparing their own perception of their driving performance with the expert assessment based on actual on-road driving. Four different categories of drivers were identified: adequate (positive), over, under and adequate (negative) estimators. A number of important aspects were identified in the study. Adapting speed to the situation and driving too fast, especially on straight roads in the city, is one aspect. Seeking the attention of other road users at intersections and roundabouts is another important consideration identified. Awareness of difficulties related to speed adaptation and attention was low amongst all the driver categories. However, a difference in attitude was seen in the categories with a more humble and acceptant attitude amongst the adequate and under estimator groups, as compared to the over estimators suggesting that the aspect of attitudes is another important factor for consideration. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Carlén, Björn, 1965-
(författare)
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Värdering av koldioxidutsläpp från svenska transporter : en kommentar
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I denna rapport analyseras problemet kring hur man ska värdera svenska koldioxidutsläpp med hänsyn till EU:s klimatpolitiska ramverk. När någon aktör under EU:s utsläppstak ökar sina utsläpp måste någon annan minska sina utsläpp i motsvarande mån. Eftersom de totala utsläppen härigenom konstanthålls, uppstår inte någon ytterligare klimateffekt och den så kallade skadekostnadsansatsen förlorar därmed sin relevans för dessa utsläpp. Däremot tar någon annan på sig ytterligare minskningskostnader. Det är dessa kostnader som är de samhällsekonomiska konsekvenserna av ökade utsläpp, exempelvis till följd av ökad trafik i Sverige, och det är dessa som forskarna försökt att skatta i denna rapport.
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| 7. |
- Cedersund, Hans-Åke
(författare)
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Bilbältesanvändningen i Sverige 2008
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- VTI has observed seat belt use in a number of towns in Central Sweden since 1983. In the original selection of measuring sites, the emphasis was placed on heavily trafficked roundabouts with both through traffic and local traffic. The intention from the beginning was to study passenger cars with back seat passengers since it was expected that these would be affected by a seat belt law a few years later. The observations last year were made over a total of nine days in August-September 2008, approximately one day per measuring point. The total number of vehicles observed was over 53,000 passenger cars and 7,000 other vehicles. When VTI commenced its measurement series in 1983, seat belt use by adult passengers in the back seat was a modest 10 per cent. It increased in one jump to 60 per cent when the law on seat belt use by adults in the car as a whole came into force on 1 July 1986. Today, about 74 per cent of all adult back seat passengers use a belt. The corresponding level for children in the back seat has been consistently about 10-20 percentage points higher. In 2008, close to 95 per cent of all children in the back seat wore a seat belt.
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| 8. |
- Cedersund, Hans-Åke, et al.
(författare)
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Bilbältesanvändningen i Sverige 2009
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- VTI has observed seat belt use in a number of towns in Central Sweden since 1983. The observations last year were made over a total of nine days in August–September 2009, approximately one day per measuring point. The total number of vehicles observed was over 54,400 passenger cars and 5,900 other vehicles. When VTI commenced its measurement series in 1983, seat belt use by adult passengers in the back seat was a modest 10%. It increased in one jump to 60% when the law on seat belt use by adults in the car as a whole came into force on July 1, 1986. Today, close to 80% of all adult back seat passengers use a belt. The corresponding level for children in the back seat has been consistently about 10-20 percentage points higher. In 2009, about 95% of all children in the back seat wore a seat belt.
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| 9. |
- Choi, Jaisung, et al.
(författare)
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Pedestrian Crashes During Jaywalking : Can we Afford to Overlook?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference Road Safety on Four Continents"undertitel": Beijing, China. 15-17 May 2013. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- 424 traffic fatalities were recorded in Seoul in 2010 and 227 of them (54%) involved pedestrian crashes. Surprisingly, 40% of these pedestrian fatalities occurred whilst pedestrians were jaywalking, implying that one jaywalker got killed every four days in Seoul and precious lives can be saved if effective methods preventing jaywalk crashes are applied. This research proposes such methods. The approach applied in the research includes literature reviews, collection of demographical and vehicle characteristics, as well as geometric features of jaywalk crash sites. Application of statistical analysis and an examination of jaywalk crashes that occurred during past years were also carried out to understand contributing factors. Important findings from the research indicate that crosswalk spacing rules need to be flexible to allow neighboring crosswalks to sit very closely to prevent jaywalking. Human factor analysis showed that high speed drivers over represent in offenders of fatal crashes whilst jaywalking. In terms of pedestrians, the elderly was the vulnerable age group. More pedestrians were hit jaywalking by taxis and buses. Road and environment factors showed both expected and contradictory results when total numbers of lane or dry/icy pavement conditions were subject to analysis. It is expected that our results will be used in discussing pedestrian safety, as well as understanding increased strategies to prevent pedestrian fatalities.
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| 10. |
- Delhomme, Patricia, et al.
(författare)
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Kommunikationskampanjer för trafiksäkerhet : handbok för design, genomförande och utvärdering (förkortad version)
- 2010
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Detta häfte är en förkortad version av CAST-handboken för utformning, genomförande och utvärdering av kommunikationskampanjer om trafiksäkerhet.CAST (Campaigns and Awareness-Raising Strategies in Traffic Safety) är ett riktat forskningsprojekt som stöds av Europeiska kommissionen. Det startades som ett led i kommissionens strävan att förbättra trafiksäkerheten med hjälp av effektivare trafiksäkerhetskampanjer. CAST-projektet, som pågick mellan 2006 och 2009, gällde utveckling av tre verktyg för att ge kampanjmakare praktisk hjälp. Tillsammans ger verktygen tydliga anvisningar för utformning och utvärdering av trafiksäkerhetskampanjer. Verktygen är: - en handbok för utformning, genomförande och utvärdering av trafiksäkerhetskampanjer ; - ett utvärderingsverktyg, avsett att vara till hjälp vid bedömning av kampanjens effektivitet; - ett rapportverktyg, som beskriver hur en fullständig och standardiserad kampanjrapport skrivs.CAST-projektet genomfördes av ett konsortium av 19 partner och samordnades av Belgiens trafiksäkerhetsinstitut (IBSRBIVV). Alla större europeiska organisationer med kunskaper om och erfarenhet av trafiksäkerhetskampanjer medverkade – projektet samlade alltså expertis från hela EU.
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