| 1. |
- Grübler, Arnulf, et al.
(författare)
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Policies for the Energy Technology Innovation System (ETIS)
- 2012
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Ingår i: Global Energy Assessment: Toward a Sustainable Future. - 9780521182935 ; , s. 1665-1744
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development and introduction of heat pumps provides an interesting illustration of policy influence and effectiveness in relation to energy technology innovation. Heat pumps have been supported by several countries since the 1970s as a strategy to improve energy efficiency, support energy security, reduce environmental degradation, and combat climate change. Sweden and Switzerland have been essential to the development and commercialization of heat pumps in Europe. In both countries, numerous policy incentives have lined the path of technology and market development. Early policy initiatives were poorly coordinated but supported technology development, entrepreneurial experimentation, knowledge development, and the involvement of important actors in networks and organisations. The market collapse in the mid 1980s could have resulted in a total failure ‐ but did not. The research programmes continued in the 1980s, and a new set of stakeholders formed ‐ both publicly and privately funded researchers, authorities, and institutions ‐ and provided an important platform for further development. In the 1990s and 2000s, Sweden and Switzerland introduced more coordinated and strategic policy incentives for the development of heat pumps. The approaches were flexible and adjusted over time. The policy interventions in both countries supported learning, successful development and diffusion processes, and cost reductions. This assessment of innovation and diffusion policies for heat pump systems can be used to generalise some insights for energy technology innovation policy.
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| 2. |
- Kiss, Bernadett, et al.
(författare)
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Heat Pumps: A Comparative Assessment of Innovation and Diffusion Policies in Sweden and Switzerland
- 2014
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Ingår i: Energy Technology Innovation - Learning from Historical Successes and Failures. - 9781107023222 ; , s. 118-132
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development and introduction of heat pumps provides an interesting illustration of policy influence and effectiveness in relation to energy technology innovation. Heat pumps have been supported by several countries since the 1970s as a strategy to improve energy efficiency, support energy security, reduce environmental degradation, and combat climate change. Sweden and Switzerland have been essential to the development and commercialization of heat pumps in Europe. In both countries, numerous policy incentives have lined the path of technology and market development. Early policy initiatives were poorly coordinated but supported technology development, entrepreneurial experimentation, knowledge development, and the involvement of important actors in networks and organisations. The market collapse in the mid 1980s could have resulted in a total failure ‐ but did not. The research programmes continued in the 1980s, and a new set of stakeholders formed ‐ both publicly and privately funded researchers, authorities, and institutions ‐ and provided an important platform for further development. In the 1990s and 2000s, Sweden and Switzerland introduced more coordinated and strategic policy incentives for the development of heat pumps. The approaches were flexible and adjusted over time. The policy interventions in both countries supported learning, successful development and diffusion processes, and cost reductions. This assessment of innovation and diffusion policies for heat pump systems can be used to generalise some insights for energy technology innovation policy.
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| 3. |
- Kiss, Bernadett, et al.
(författare)
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Policy Instruments for Energy Efficiency in Buildings: Experiences and Lessons from the Nordic Countries
- 2010
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Nordic countries have often been seen as “fore-runners” of energy efficiency in buildings – in both the implementation of policy instruments and the evaluation of effects. Since the 1970s, the Nordic countries have introduced a range of policy instruments for energy conservation in buildings. The choice of instruments and experiences, however differs between countries. The aim of this study is to review policy instruments for energy efficiency in buildings in the Nordic countries as well as to analyse how to advance related learning processes. The study discusses traditional and innovative policy instruments, organisational matters, and policy evaluations. An overall observation from this study is that Sweden is “slowing down” its energy efficiency activities in the building sector, while Denmark, Finland and Norway are all “speeding up”. Denmark is leading the way on implementing policy instruments, which are long-term, strategic, innovative and well-supported by the organisational structure. This study also concludes that energy efficiency often lacks influential organisations to “drive” efforts forwards – in terms of information, networking, research and innovation. Finally, there is often no strategic approach to evaluations in the Nordic countries with a focus on how to improve learning.
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| 4. |
- Kiss, Bernadett, et al.
(författare)
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The importance of learning in supporting energy efficiency technologies - A Case Study on Policy Intervention for Improved Insulation in Germany, the UK and Sweden
- 2010
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- To combat climate change, different types of initiatives and policy instruments are required to support the development and dissemination of new energy efficient technologies. What type of policy instruments shall be used is, however, not pre-determined. To advance knowledge in how to design successful policy instruments, evaluations and deep-analyses are needed; this to better understand the role policy instruments have on technical change, changes in the innovation system and essential learning processes. The objective of this study is to analyze the introduction of emergent energy efficiency technologies, focusing on improved insulation in Germany, in the UK and in Sweden. The study has assessed the effect policy instruments have had on different learning processes, such as learning-bysearching, learning-by-doing, learning-by-using and learning-by-interacting. The assessment shows that learning-by-searching has been supported through private funded initiatives and thus being an essential driver for improved technologies. Learning-by-doing has been intense due to the highly concentrated market and resulted in significant production cost reductions. Processes of learning-by-using have mainly got private support, often in a very fragmented way, through intermediaries and thus with a lack of involvement of end-users, which led to limited learning. Today, European initiatives and voluntary schemes are the main facilitators of learning-by-interaction and further technology change.
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| 5. |
- Kiss, Bernadett, et al.
(författare)
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The importance of learning when supporting emergent technologies for energy efficiency-A case study on policy intervention for learning for the development of energy efficient windows in Sweden
- 2011
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6777 .- 0301-4215. ; 39:10, s. 6514-6524
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The role of policy instruments to promote the development and diffusion of energy efficient technologies has been repeatedly accentuated in the context of climate change and sustainable development. To better understand the impact of policy instruments and to provide insights into technology change, assessments of various kinds are needed. This study analyzes the introduction and development of energy efficient windows in Sweden and the policy incentives applied to support this process. The study focuses on the assessment of technology and market development of energy efficient windows in Sweden; and by applying the concept of learning, it assesses how conditions for learning-by-searching, learning-by-doing, learning-by-using and learning-by-interacting have been supported by different policies. The results show successful progress in technology development and an improvement in best available technology of Swedish windows from 1.8 W/m(2) K in the 1970s to 0.7 W/m(2) K in 2010; in the same time period the market share of energy efficient windows increased from 20% in 1970 (average U-value of 2.0 W/m(2) K) to 80-85% in 2010 (average U-value of 1.3-1.2 W/m(2) K). The assessment shows that various policy instruments have facilitated all four learning processes resulting in the acknowledged slow but successful development of energy efficient windows. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Kiss, Bernadett, et al.
(författare)
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The role of policy instruments in supporting the development of mineral wool insulation in Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 48, s. 187-199
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study has been to analyze the introduction and development of mineral wool building insulation in Germany, Sweden and the UK, and to examine the policy instruments that support these processes. The aim has been to improve our understanding of the role of the policy instruments. The analysis focuses on the development of the policy framework, the development of technology, the interaction among actors involved, the formation of networks and key learning processes regarding the development and diffusion of mineral wool insulation. The results show that private and, to some extent, public R&D and testing processes have formed the basis of technology development. Over time, successively progressive building codes and voluntary standards have come to be key drivers of the development of mineral wool building insulation. Since the beginning of the 2000s, these policy instruments have also been a main driver of the interactions among actors. Financial incentives and information have been crucial for learning and the development of knowledge in building renovations.
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| 7. |
- Lako, P., et al.
(författare)
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Offshore wind energy
- 2010
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Ingår i: Technological Learning in the Energy Sector - Lessons for Policy, Industry and Science.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 8. |
- McCormick, Kes, et al.
(författare)
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Advancing Sustainable Urban Transformation
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 50, s. 1-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite increased awareness of the urgency to respond to climate change and to promote sustainable development, there are few powerful initiatives that are decisively shifting urban development in a sustainable, resilient and low-carbon direction. This Special Volume of the Journal of Cleaner Production explores sustainable urban transformation focusing on structural transformation processes – multi-dimensional and radical change – that can effectively direct urban development towards ambitious sustainability goals. The 20 articles are based on 35 cases and over 130 surveyed examples of urban initiatives on sustainability in many countries. While cities in Europe dominate, there are also examples from North America, South America, Africa, Asia and Oceania. The combined articles in this Special Volume contribute to knowledge and understanding on sustainable urban transformation across a range of areas, including governance and planning, innovation and competitiveness, lifestyle and consumption, resource management and climate mitigation and adaptation, transport and accessibility, buildings, and the spatial environment and public space. Overall, this Special Volume documents and analyses real-life action in cities and communities around the world to respond to sustainability challenges and it provides critical insights into how to catalyse, intensify and accelerate sustainable urban transformation globally. A main finding of the articles is that governance and planning are the key leverage points for transformative change.
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| 9. |
- McCormick, Kes, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable urban transformation and the green urban economy
- 2013
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Ingår i: The economy of green cities. - Bonn, Tyskland : International Council for Local Environmental InitiativesInternational Council for Local Environmental Initiatives. - 9789400719699 ; , s. 33-43
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 10. |
- McCormick, Kes, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable Urban Transformation and the Green Urban Economy
- 2012
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Ingår i: The Economy of Green Cities: A World Compendium on the Green Urban Economy.
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter explores the connections between the concepts of sustainable urban transformation and the green urban economy, proposes a framework for understanding how these concepts “fit” together, and makes some practical suggestions for local governments (and national and international policy).
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